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  • 1
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    Data-Based Radiation Oncology - Design of Clinical Trials (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In radiation oncology as in many other specialties clinical trials are essential to investigate new therapy approaches. Usually, preparation for a prospective clinical trial is extremely time consuming until ethics approval is obtained. To test a new treatment usually many years pass before it can be implemented in the routine care. During that time, already new interventions emerge, new drugs appear on the market, technical & physical innovations are being implemented, novel biology driven concepts are translated into clinical approaches while we are still investigating the ones from years ago. Another problem is associated with molecular diagnostics and the growing amount of tumor specific biomarkers which allows for a better stratification of patient subgroups. On the other side, this may result in a much longer time for patient recruiting and consequently in larger multicenter trials. Moreover, all of the relevant data must be readily available for treatment decision making, treatment as well as follow-up, and ultimately for trial evaluation. This challenges even more for agreed standards in data acquisition, quality and management. How could we change the way currently clinical trials are performed in a way they are safe and ethically justifiable and speed up the initiation process, so we can provide new and better treatments faster for our patients? Further, while we rely on various quantitative information handling distributed, large heterogeneous amounts of data efficiently is very important. Thus data management becomes a strong focus. A good infrastructure helps to plan, tailor and conduct clinical trials in a way they are easy and quickly analyzable. In this research topic we want to discuss new ideas for intelligent trial designs and concepts for data management.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC254-282 ; Study Management ; Clinical trials ; Data Collection ; Radiation Oncology ; Clinical Study design ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Interdimensional universality of dynamic interfaces (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: Despite the complexity and diversity of nature, there exists universality in the form of critical scaling laws among various dissimilar systems and processes such as stock markets, earthquakes, crackling noise, lung inflation and vortices in superconductors. This universality is mainly independent of the microscopic details, depending only on the symmetry and dimension of the system. Exploring how universality is affected by the system dimensions is an important unresolved problem. Here we demonstrate experimentally that universality persists even at a dimensionality crossover in ferromagnetic nanowires. As the wire width decreases, the magnetic domain wall dynamics changes from elastic creep in two dimensions to a particle-like stochastic behaviour in one dimension. Applying finite-size scaling, we find that all our experimental data in one and two dimensions (including the crossover regime) collapse onto a single curve, signalling universality at the criticality transition. The crossover to the one-dimensional regime occurs at a few hundred nanometres, corresponding to the integration scale for modern nanodevices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Kab-Jin -- Lee, Jae-Chul -- Ahn, Sung-Min -- Lee, Kang-Soo -- Lee, Chang-Won -- Cho, Young Jin -- Seo, Sunae -- Shin, Kyung-Ho -- Choe, Sug-Bong -- Lee, Hyun-Woo -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 9;458(7239):740-2. doi: 10.1038/nature07874.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Subwavelength Optics and School of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19360082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Enrichment by supernovae in globular clusters with multiple populations (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-27
    Description: The most massive globular cluster in the Milky Way, omega Centauri, is thought to be the remaining core of a disrupted dwarf galaxy, as expected within the model of hierarchical merging. It contains several stellar populations having different heavy elemental abundances supplied by supernovae-a process known as metal enrichment. Although M 22 appears to be similar to omega Cen, other peculiar globular clusters do not. Therefore omega Cen and M 22 are viewed as exceptional, and the presence of chemical inhomogeneities in other clusters is seen as 'pollution' from the intermediate-mass asymptotic-giant-branch stars expected in normal globular clusters. Here we report Ca abundances for seven globular clusters and compare them to omega Cen. Calcium and other heavy elements can only be supplied through numerous supernovae explosions of massive stars in these stellar systems, but the gravitational potentials of the present-day clusters cannot preserve most of the ejecta from such explosions. We conclude that these globular clusters, like omega Cen, are most probably the relics of more massive primeval dwarf galaxies that merged and disrupted to form the proto-Galaxy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Jae-Woo -- Kang, Young-Woon -- Lee, Jina -- Lee, Young-Wook -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 26;462(7272):480-2. doi: 10.1038/nature08565.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy and Space Science, ARCSEC, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea. jaewoolee@sejong.ac.kr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Common genetic determinants of breast-cancer risk in East Asian women: a collaborative study of 23 637 breast cancer cases and 25 579 controls (2013)
    Zheng, W., Zhang, B., Cai, Q., Sung, H., Michailidou, K., Shi, J., Choi, J.-Y., Long, J., Dennis, J., Humphreys, M. K., Wang, Q., Lu, W., Gao, Y.-T., Li, C., Cai, H., Park, S. K., Yoo, K.-Y., Noh, D.-Y., Han, W., Dunning, A. M., Benitez, J., Vincent, D., Bacot, F., Tessier, D., Kim, S.-W., Lee, M. H., Lee, J. W., Lee, J.-Y., Xiang, Y.-B., Zheng, Y., Wang, W., Ji, B.-T., Matsuo, K., Ito, H., Iwata, H., Tanaka, H., Wu, A. H., Tseng, C.-c., Van Den Berg, D., Stram, D. O., Teo, S. H., Yip, C. H., Kang, I. N., Wong, T. Y., Shen, C.-Y., Yu, J.-C., Huang, C.-S., Hou, M.-F., Hartman, M., Miao, H., Lee, S. C., Putti, T. C., Muir, K., Lophatananon, A., Stewart-Brown, S., Siriwanarangsan, P., Sangrajrang, S., Shen, H., Chen, K., Wu, P.-E., Ren, Z., Haiman, C. A., Sueta, A., Kim, M. K., Khoo, U. S., Iwasaki, M., Pharoah, P. D. P., Wen, W., Hall, P., Shu, X.-O., Easton, D. F., Kang, D.
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: In a consortium including 23 637 breast cancer patients and 25 579 controls of East Asian ancestry, we investigated 70 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 67 independent breast cancer susceptibility loci recently identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) conducted primarily in European-ancestry populations. SNPs in 31 loci showed an association with breast cancer risk at P 〈 0.05 in a direction consistent with that reported previously. Twenty-one of them remained statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni-corrected significance level of 〈0.0015. Eight of the 70 SNPs showed a significantly different association with breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor (ER) status at P 〈 0.05. With the exception of rs2046210 at 6q25.1, the seven other SNPs showed a stronger association with ER-positive than ER-negative cancer. This study replicated all five genetic risk variants initially identified in Asians and provided evidence for associations of breast cancer risk in the East Asian population with nearly half of the genetic risk variants initially reported in GWASs conducted in European descendants. Taken together, these common genetic risk variants explain ~10% of excess familial risk of breast cancer in Asian populations.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Korean hemorrhagic fever: propagation of the etiologic agent in a cell line of human origin (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-03-06
    Description: The etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever has been propagated in a human cultured cell line derived from a carcinoma of the lung. The cells, described as type II, alveolar epithelial, support replication of the agent and successive passages. Antigen of the Korean hemorrhagic fever agent is readily detected in infected cells by means of direct or indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. Previous attempts to propagate this agent in vitro had been unsuccessful.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉French, G R -- Foulke, R S -- Brand, O A -- Eddy, G A -- Lee, H W -- Lee, P W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 6;211(4486):1046-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6110243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Viral/analysis ; Cell Line ; Hantavirus/*growth & development/immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*microbiology ; Humans ; Pulmonary Alveoli/microbiology ; RNA Viruses/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a Pinus densiflora forest with low and high stand densities (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Aims Understanding carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics and their dependence on the stand density of an even-aged, mature forest provides knowledge that is important for forest management. This study investigated the differences in ecosystem total C and N storage and flux between a low-density stand (LD) and a high-density stand (HD) and examined the effects of stand density on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), total belowground C allocation (TBCA) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in a naturally regenerated, 65- to 75-year-old Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest. Methods LD (450 trees ha –1 ) and HD (842 trees ha –1 ) were established in an even-aged, mature P. densiflora forest in September 2006. The forest had been naturally regenerated following harvesting, and the stand density was naturally maintained without any artificial management such as thinning. The diameter at breast height (DBH ≥ 5.0cm) of all live stems within the stands was measured yearly from 2007 to 2011. To compare C and N storage and fluxes in LD and HD, C and N pools in aboveground and belowground biomass, the forest floor, coarse woody debris (CWD) and soil; soil CO 2 efflux ( R S ); autotrophic respiration ( R A ); litter production; and soil N availability were measured. Further, ANPP, TBCA and NEP were estimated from plot-based measurement data. Important Findings Ecosystem C (Mg C ha –1 ) and N (Mg N ha –1 ) storage was, respectively, 173.0±7.3 (mean ± SE) and 4.69±0.30 for LD and 162±11.8 and 4.08±0.18 for HD. There were no significant differences in C and N storage in the ecosystem components, except for soils, between the two stands. In contrast, there were significant differences in aboveground ANPP and TBCA between the two stands ( P 〈 0.05). Litterfall, biomass increment and R S were major C flux components with values of, respectively, 3.89, 3.74 and 9.07 Mg C ha –1 year –1 in LD and 3.15, 2.94 and 7.06 Mg C ha –1 year –1 in HD. Biometric-based NEP (Mg C ha –1 year –1 ) was 4.18 in LD and 5.50 in HD. Although the even-aged, mature P. densiflora forest had similar C and N allocation patterns, it showed different C and N dynamics depending on stand density. The results of the current study will be useful for elucidating the effects of stand density on C and N storage and fluxes, which are important issues in managing natural mature forest ecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Soft electrode systems integrated on the auricle [Engineering] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-01
    Description: Recent advances in electrodes for noninvasive recording of electroencephalograms expand opportunities collecting such data for diagnosis of neurological disorders and brain–computer interfaces. Existing technologies, however, cannot be used effectively in continuous, uninterrupted modes for more than a few days due to irritation and irreversible degradation in the electrical and mechanical...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    E × B flow velocity deduced from the poloidal motion of fluctuation patterns in neutral beam injected L-mode plasmas on KSTAR (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: A method for direct assessment of the equilibrium E  ×  B flow velocity ( E × B flow shear is responsible for the turbulence suppression and transport reduction in tokamak plasmas) is investigated based on two facts. The first one is that the apparent poloidal rotation speed of density fluctuation patterns is close to the turbulence rotation speed in the direction perpendicular to the local magnetic field line within the flux surface. And the second “well-known” fact is that the turbulence rotation velocity consists of the equilibrium E  ×  B flow velocity and intrinsic phase velocity of turbulence in the E  ×  B flow frame. In the core region of the low confinement (L-mode) discharges where a strong toroidal rotation is induced by neutral beam injection, the apparent poloidal velocities (and turbulence rotation velocities) are good approximations of the E × B flow velocities since linear gyrokinetic simulations suggest that the intrinsic phase velocity of the dominant turbulence is significantly lower than the apparent poloidal velocity. In the neutral beam injected L-mode plasmas, temporal and spatial scales of the measured turbulence are studied by comparing with the local equilibrium parameters relevant to the ion-scale turbulence.
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 9
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    High compositional homogeneity of CdTexSe1−x crystals grown by the Bridgman method (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: We obtained high-quality CdTe x Se 1−x (CdTeSe) crystals from ingots grown by the vertical Bridgman technique. The compositional uniformity of the ingots was evaluated by X-ray fluorescence at BNL’s National Synchrotron Light Source X27A beam line. The compositional homogeneity was highly uniform throughout the ingot, and the effective segregation coefficient of Se was ∼1.0. This high uniformity offers potential opportunity to enhance the yield of the materials for both infrared substrate and radiation-detector applications, so greatly lowering the cost of production and also offering us the prospect to grow large-diameter ingots for use as large-area substrates and for producing higher efficiency gamma-ray detectors. The concentration of secondary phases was found to be much lower, by eight- to ten fold compared to that of conventional Cd x Zn 1−x Te (CdZnTe or CZT).
    Electronic ISSN: 2166-532X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 10
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    Skp2 and regulatory T cells [Immunology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-13
    Description: Autoreactive pathogenic T cells (Tpaths) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) express a distinct gene profiles; however, the genes and associated genetic/signaling pathways responsible for the functional determination of Tpaths vs. Tregs remain unknown. Here we show that Skp2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that affects cell cycle control and death, plays a critical role in the function of diabetogenic Tpaths and Tregs. Down-regulation of Skp2 in diabetogenic Tpaths converts them into Foxp3-expressing Tregs. The suppressive function of the Tpath-converted Tregs is dependent on increased production of TGF-β/IL-10, and these Tregs are able to inhibit spontaneous diabetes in NOD mice. Like naturally arising Foxp3+ nTregs, the converted Tregs are anergic cells with decreased proliferation and activation-induced cell death. Skp2 down-regulation leads to Tpath–Treg conversion due at least in part to up-regulation of several genes involved in cell cycle control and genes in the Foxo family. Down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 alone significantly attenuates the effect of Skp2 on Tpaths and reduces the suppressive function of converted Tregs; its effect is further improved with concomitant down-regulation of p21, Foxo1, and Foxo3. In comparison, Skp2 overexpression does not change Tpath function, but significantly decreases Foxp3 expression and abrogates the suppressive function of nTregs. These findings support the critical role of Skp2 in functional specification of Tpaths and Tregs, and demonstrate an important molecular mechanism mediating Skp2 function in balancing immune tolerance during autoimmune disease development.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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