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  • 1
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    Recommendations for using XRF core scanning as a tool in tephrochronology (2012)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-17
    Description: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning is a relatively new arrangement of a classic analytical technique which allows for non-destructive, in situ XRF analysis of sediment cores from submillimetre resolution upwards. In this contribution we explore the use of XRF core scanning for tephrochronology based on the analysis of three gyttja-rich sediment cores from the Faroe Islands. Using a combination of optical and radiographic images, analytical parameters and elemental profiles (Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Sr and Zr), higher concentration basaltic tephra layers (〉1000 shards/cm 3 ) were positively identified. The XRF core scanning did not capture the lower concentration (〈850 shards/cm 3 ) rhyolitic layers found in the core. The elemental data generated for the detected tephra layers using XRF core scanning was not comparable to individual shard analysis by electron microprobe. We recommend using XRF core scanning for tephra screening in order to localize depths for high-resolution subsampling and to avoid depths where sediment mixing has caused tailing/mixing of the tephra signal. At the studied site the basaltic Saksunarvatn ash as well as a tephra belonging to the Askja-S/10 ka eruption were identified.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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  • 2
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    Size-effects in indium gallium arsenide nanowire field-effect transistors (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-12
    Description: We fabricate and analyze InGaAs nanowire MOSFETs with channel widths down to 18 nm. Low-temperature measurements reveal quantized conductance due to subband splitting, a characteristic of 1D systems. We relate these features to device performance at room-temperature. In particular, the threshold voltage versus nanowire width is explained by direct observation of quantization of the first sub-band, i.e., band gap widening. An analytical effective mass quantum well model is able to describe the observed band structure. The results reveal a compromise between reliability, i.e., V T variability, and on-current, through the mean free path, in the choice of the channel material.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 3
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    Defect evaluation in InGaAs field effect transistors with HfO2 or Al2O3 dielectric (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-20
    Description: The performance of InGaAs metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors with Al 2 O 3 or HfO 2 as gate oxide is evaluated and compared. The Al 2 O 3 transistors show the lowest subthreshold slope and mid gap D it , however, the HfO 2 transistors reach a higher maximum transconductance ( g max ) due to the higher oxide capacitance. Both high- κ dielectrics show a g m -frequency dispersion due to tunneling into border traps with a negligible activation energy as determined from temperature dependent measurements. The total amount of trapped charge at border traps is lower in the HfO 2 devices. Scaling the HfO 2 thickness further reduces the g m -frequency dispersion, possibly due to detrapping to the gate electrode.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 4
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    Modeling of n-InAs metal oxide semiconductor capacitors with high-κ gate dielectric (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A qualitative analysis on capacitance-voltage and conductance data for high-κ/InAs capacitors is presented. Our measured data were evaluated with a full equivalent circuit model, including both majority and minority carriers, as well as interface and border traps, formulated for narrow band gap metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors. By careful determination of interface trap densities, distribution of border traps across the oxide thickness, and taking into account the bulk semiconductor response, it is shown that the trap response has a strong effect on the measured capacitances. Due to the narrow bandgap of InAs, there can be a large surface concentration of electrons and holes even in depletion, so a full charge treatment is necessary.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 5
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    Error patterns in age estimation and tooth readability assignment of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): results from a transatlantic, image-based, blind-reading study using known-age animals (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-21
    Description: Frie, A. K., Hammill, M. O., Hauksson, E., Lind, Y., Lockyer, C., Stenman, O., and Svetocheva, O. 2013. Error patterns in age estimation and tooth readability assignment of grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ): results from a transatlantic, image-based, blind-reading study using known-age animals – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 418–430. We analysed error patterns in a first interlaboratory grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) age-reading experiment. The experiment involved ten readers, who estimated age using images of cementum growth layers from teeth of 68 known-age seals (0–22 years). The percentages of correct estimates ranged from 32.4% to 60.3% among readers, and 89.3% of all errors were by ±1–2 years. Six readers showed increasing underageing with increasing seal age. An elevated risk of underestimation by 1 year occurred in teeth collected 0–5 months after breeding and was attributed to more frequent absence of a distinct growth layer for the new year and lack of information on months between the last birthday and the date of sample collection (plusmonths). For plusmonths 6–11, positive bias was predominant, suggesting that overestimation is the more common error when plusmonth information is available. Readers assigned readability scores to the tooth sections, and 79.1% of all ageing errors occurred in sections of low or intermediate readability. Excluding these sections would, however, also exclude 43.0% of all correct estimates. Neither levels of age estimation error nor predictive values of readability assignments were associated with reader experience levels. Analyses of image markings identified common errors in delineations of annual increment layers.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Discovery of Highly Potent and Selective Small Molecule ADAMTS-5 Inhibitors That Inhibit Human Cartilage Degradation via Encoded Library Technology (ELT) (2012)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-16
    Description: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/jm300449x
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 7
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    Confident phylogenetic identification of uncultured prokaryotes through long read amplicon sequencing of the 16S‐ITS‐23S rRNA operon (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Summary Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene is the predominant method to quantify microbial compositions and to discover novel lineages. However, traditional short amplicons often do not contain enough information to confidently resolve their phylogeny. Here we present a cost‐effective protocol that amplifies a large part of the rRNA operon and sequences the amplicons with PacBio technology. We tested our method on a mock community and developed a read‐curation pipeline that reduces the overall read error rate to 0.18%. Applying our method on four environmental samples, we captured near full‐length rRNA operon amplicons from a large diversity of prokaryotes. The method operated at moderately high‐throughput (22286–37,850 raw ccs reads) and generated a large amount of putative novel archaeal 23S rRNA gene sequences compared to the archaeal SILVA database. These long amplicons allowed for higher resolution during taxonomic classification by means of long (∼1000 bp) 16S rRNA gene fragments and for substantially more confident phylogenies by means of combined near full‐length 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences, compared to shorter traditional amplicons (250 bp of the 16S rRNA gene). We recommend our method to those who wish to cost‐effectively and confidently estimate the phylogenetic diversity of prokaryotes in environmental samples at high throughput.
    Print ISSN: 1462-2912
    Electronic ISSN: 1462-2920
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
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    A transmission line method for evaluation of vertical InAs nanowire contacts (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-09
    Description: In this paper, we present a method for metal contact characterization to vertical semiconductor nanowires using the transmission line method (TLM) on a cylindrical geometry. InAs nanowire resistors are fabricated on Si substrates using a hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) spacer between the bottom and top contact. The thickness of the HSQ is defined by the dose of an electron beam lithography step, and by varying the separation thickness for a group of resistors, a TLM series is fabricated. Using this method, the resistivity and specific contact resistance are determined for InAs nanowires with different doping and annealing conditions. The contacts are shown to improve with annealing at temperatures up to 300 °C for 1 min, with specific contact resistance values reaching down to below 1 Ω  µ m 2 .
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 9
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    Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-07
    Description: The origin of the eukaryotic cell remains one of the most contentious puzzles in modern biology. Recent studies have provided support for the emergence of the eukaryotic host cell from within the archaeal domain of life, but the identity and nature of the putative archaeal ancestor remain a subject of debate. Here we describe the discovery of 'Lokiarchaeota', a novel candidate archaeal phylum, which forms a monophyletic group with eukaryotes in phylogenomic analyses, and whose genomes encode an expanded repertoire of eukaryotic signature proteins that are suggestive of sophisticated membrane remodelling capabilities. Our results provide strong support for hypotheses in which the eukaryotic host evolved from a bona fide archaeon, and demonstrate that many components that underpin eukaryote-specific features were already present in that ancestor. This provided the host with a rich genomic 'starter-kit' to support the increase in the cellular and genomic complexity that is characteristic of eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444528/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444528/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spang, Anja -- Saw, Jimmy H -- Jorgensen, Steffen L -- Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Katarzyna -- Martijn, Joran -- Lind, Anders E -- van Eijk, Roel -- Schleper, Christa -- Guy, Lionel -- Ettema, Thijs J G -- 310039/European Research Council/International -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 14;521(7551):173-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14447. Epub 2015 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. ; 1] Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway [2] Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. ; 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden [2] Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; Actins/genetics/metabolism ; Archaea/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; Arctic Regions ; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/genetics/metabolism ; Eukaryota/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; Eukaryotic Cells/classification/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hydrothermal Vents/*microbiology ; Metagenome/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Phylogeny ; Prokaryotic Cells/*classification ; Proteome/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Genomes of two archaeal endosymbionts show convergent adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle (2018)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-11
    Description: Genomes of two archaeal endosymbionts show convergent adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle Genomes of two archaeal endosymbionts show convergent adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle, Published online: 10 July 2018; doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0207-9 Genomes of two archaeal endosymbionts show convergent adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle
    Print ISSN: 1751-7362
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7370
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME).
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