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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 65 (1989), S. 4995-5002 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The initiation and evolution of a "keyhole'' produced with a CO2 laser beam in a metal plate is analyzed, accounting for the following effects either exactly or by estimates of their limiting values: the spatial intensity profile of the beam, the temperature-dependent absorptivity, attenuation of the beam intensity by the metal vapor, the exothermic reaction in the presence of oxygen, evaporative material removal and flushing of molten drops, heat conduction within the workpiece, phase transitions from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas, and heat losses at the workpiece boundaries. A study of the drilling of aluminum plates shows the relative effect of these parameters on the crater shape and penetration time. Simple criteria for initiation, penetration rate, and shift to spontaneous burning are presented. In a companion paper experimental results are analyzed to validate the formalism and to yield estimates of the interaction parameters for a specific exposure condition.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 65 (1989), S. 5003-5006 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The penetration time, crater top radius, and melted zone for aluminum plates drilled with a CO2 laser beam have been measured and analyzed on the basis of various assumptions concerning absorptivity of the liquid metal, attenuation by the metal vapor and heat exchange with the vapor. By comparison with the experimental data it is shown that each of the interaction parameters must lie within a predetermined range in order to correlate all the experimental measurements. This ascertains the reliability of the theoretical approach and yields estimates of the a priori unknown parameters for the specific exposure conditions.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 11 (1974), S. 291-316 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kinetic theory ; irreversible thermodynamics ; nonlinear ; processes ; phenomenological relations ; transport coefficients ; multicomponent systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nonlinear irreversible processes between states which are not local equilibrium states are investigated by methods of the kinetic theory. The phenomenological equations for the second-order fluxes in a multicomponent mixture are derived, and relations between some of the second-order phenomenological coefficients are established. It is shown that new independent forces appear in the second-order equation, namely the gradients of the chemical potentials. Expressions for the entropy, entropy flux, and entropy source are evaluated. These expressions are related to the phenomenological equations and coefficients, e.g., all the second-order contributions of the forces in the equations for the fluxes can be obtained by differentiation of the expression for the second-order entropy source with respect to the coupled forces.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 28 (1993), S. 371-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine umfangreiche Zahl von Arbeiten hat sich unter Anwendung theoretischer und numerischer Methoden mit der Untersuchung des Stationärzustandes sowie der Übergangs- und Stabilitätscharakteristiken eines durch natürliche Konvektion angetriebenen Kreislaufes beschäftigt, in dem Doppeldiffusionseffekte auftreten. Es zeigte sich, daß das Strömungsverhalten in diesem System von den Anfangsbedingungen und der Lage des Zustandspunktes in einem siebenparametrigen Raum, der durch die RayleighzahlenRa T undRa S (thermischer bzw. konzentrationsbedingter Einfluß), die modifizierten Prandtl- und SchmidtzahlenPr undSc, die dimensionslosen Wärme- und StoffübergangskoeffizientenH T undH S , sowie das Seitenverhältnis γ (Breite zu Höhe) des Kreislaufes aufgespannt wird. Es werden numerische Ergebnisse mitgeteilt, die das Strömungsverhalten in jedem der fünf, im Stabilitätsdiagram auftretenden Bereiche zeigen. Die stationären Lösungen beziehen sich auf die Fälle „Konvektion“ (Strömungsgeschwindigkeit konstant), „Leitung“ (keine Konvektion) und „Periodizität“ (Amplitude und Frequenz konstant). Zwei neue Ergebnisse wurden erhalten: Langzeitige Oszillationen mit einer zur Lösung mit reiner Leitung nicht symmetrischen Amplitude und ein Überschwingen der Geschwindigkeit bei den transienten Fällen vor Erreichen der stabilen Lösung für Konvektion. Im Bereich monotoner Instabilität der Lösung für Leitung treten Konvektionslösungen auf (konstante Strömungsgeschwindigkeit) und im Bereich globaler Stabilität mündet die Strömung in die Lösung für reine Leitung (keine Konvektion) ein, unabhängig von den Anfangsbedingungen.
    Notes: Abstract Comprehensive work has been performed by theoretical and numerical methods in order to study the steady state, transient and stability characteristics of a double diffusive natural circulation loop. It was found that the behavior of the flow in the system depends on the initial conditions and on the location of the state in the seven-parameter space of the thermal and saline Rayleigh numbers,Ra T ,Ra S , the modified Prandtl and Schmidt numbers,Pr, Sc, the dimensionless heat and mass transfer coefficients,H T ,H S , and the “aspect ratio” (between the height and width) of the loop, γ. Numerical results are presented here, showing the flow in each of the five regions formed in the stability chart. The steady state solutions include convection (constant velocity flow), conduction (no-flow) and periodic with constant amplitude and frequency. Two main new results were obtained: long term periodic oscillations where the amplitude is not symmetric around the conduction solution, and an overshoot of the velocity in transients before reaching the stable convection solutions. In the monotonic instability region of the conduction solution, convection solutions (constant velocity flow) develop, and in the global stability region the flow decays to the conduction solution (no flow), regardless of the initial conditions.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 11 (1978), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer numerischen Methode wird das Problem des gleichzeitigen Schmelzens und Verdampfens unter dem Einfluß einer flächenhaften Wärmequelle gelöst. Damit kann man die Ausbreitung des Schmelzkraters und die Menge des erodierten Materials bei Beheizung durch einen Lichtbogen ermitteln. Durch Proberechnungen kann man das Abschmelzen verschiedener Metalle miteinander vergleichen.
    Notes: Abstract A numerical method to solve the heat transfer problem of simultaneous melting and evaporation due to an area heat source is presented. The method enables the calculation of the propagation of the melting crater with time and the amount of material erosion in the process of electrical discharge machining. Computations were carried out to compare between removal of several metals.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 18 (1984), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Instationärer Wärmeübergang, Strömungs- und Druckverlauf wurden in einem laminaren Naturkonvektionskreislauf untersucht. Die meisten Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet basieren auf einer eindimensionalen Näherungslösung, die Kenntnis des Reibungs- und Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten voraussetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Änderung des Reibungs- und Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten. Sie zeigt die einzelnen Druck-, Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsverläufe auf.
    Notes: Abstract The transient heat transfer, fluid flow and pressure in a natural circulation loop have been studied under laminar flow conditions. Most studies of these systems have utilized a onedimensional approach which requires a priori specifications of the friction and the heat-transfer coefficients. In the present work the variation of the friction and heat-transfer coefficients are determined. Detailed pressure, temperature and velocity distributions are presented.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 19 (1985), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Einflüsse der Zuströmung auf die Strömung in einem natürlichen Zirkulationskreislauf werden analytisch untersucht. Der Kreislauf besteht aus zwei vertikalen isolierten Abschnitten mit einer punktuellen Wärmequelle unten und einer punktuellen Wärmesenke oben. Heiße Flüssigkeit wird ständig an der wärmsten Stelle (unmittelbar nach der Wärmequelle) abgesondert und durch kalte Flüssigkeit ersetzt, die unmittelbar nach der Wärmesenke eingespritzt wird. Um die Durchflußraten und Temperaturverteilungen für verschiedene Kreislaufparameter und Zufiußmengen zu berechnen, wird ein eindimensionales Modell verwendet. Die Untersuchungen gelten dem Gleichgewichtszustand, dem transienten Verhalten und den Stabilitätseigenschaften. Es zeigt sich, daß die Zuströmung die Bewegung im Kreislauf stabilisiert.
    Notes: Abstract Throughflow effects on the flow in a natural circulation loop are investigated analytically. The loop consists of two vertical insulated branches with a point heat source at the bottom and a point heat sink at the top. Hot liquid is extracted continuously at the hottest spot (just downstream of the heat source) and replaced by cold liquid injection just downstream of the heat sink. A one-dimensional spatial model is employed to calculate flow rates and temperature distributions for various loop parameters and through-flow rates. Steady state, transient behavior, and stability characteristics are studied. It is found that the throughflow stabilizes the motion in the loop.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 25 (1990), S. 17-26 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Modell für Blasenwachstum in überhitzter Flüssigkeit vorgestellt, das sowohl bei durch Trägheit als auch bei durch Wärmediffusion kontrolliertem Blasenwachstum verwendbar ist. Zwei unterschiedliche Wärmeübertragungsbeziehungen werden in Betracht gezogen: Die Fourier-Gleichung (parabolisch) und eine Wärmeleitungs-Gleichung in hyperbolischer Form. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Modellergebnisse basierend auf der Fourier-Gleichung für schnelle Blasenwachstumszeiten signifikant von vergleichbaren Ergebnissen basierend auf der hyperbolischen Gleichung abweichen, während sie für langsames Wachstum mehr oder weniger identisch sind. Die Verwendung der hyperbolischen Wärmeleitungsgleichung in Blasenwachstumsmodellen ist vor allem in Fluiden wie Helium II von Bedeutung, wo thermische Störungen eine geringe Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit haben. Hier müssen die ‚second sound‘-Effekte noch berücksichtigt werden, wenn die dynamischen und die Einflüsse der Trägheit schon vernachlässigbar sind. Es wurde untersucht, ob die Benutzung einer semi-unendlichen Approximation des Wärmeleitungsproblems während des Blasenwachstums zulässig ist. Eine analytische Lösung in Kugelkoordinaten zeigt, daß das Verhältnis zwischen letzteren und semi-unendlichen Ergebnissen eine Funktion der Jakob-Zahl ist. Schließlich wird gezeigt, daß die Resultate des vorgestellten Modells bei Benutzung der Fourier-Gleichung experimentelle Ergebnisse von Blasenwachstum in Wasser besser wiedergeben als andere bekannte Lösungen.
    Notes: Abstract A model for bubble growth in a uniformly superheated liquid is presented which is valid for both inertia and heat diffusion controlled growth. Two different heat transfer equations are considered: The Fourier (parabolic) equation and the hyperbolic heat conduction equation. It is shown that for short times, bubble growth prediction based on the Fourier equation, differs considerably from that based on the hyperbolic heat conduction equation. For long times, both predictions coincide. Using the hyperbolic heat conduction equation is important for bubble growth prediction in fluids like Helium II, in which thermal disturbances have a low speed of propagation. In such liquids the second sound effects must be considered long after the inertia and dynamic effects become unimportant. The validity of using a semi-infinite approximation to the heat conduction problem during the bubble growth period is investigated. An analytical solution in spherical coordinates reveals that the ratio between the spherical and semi-infinite solutions is a function of the Jakob number. Results of the present model, using the Fourier equation, are shown to be in better agreement with data for bubble growth in water, than other published solutions.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of engineering mathematics 19 (1985), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1573-2703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Summary The stability of an infinite fluid layer is considered, subject to horizontal flow and arbitrary initial vertical temperature and salinity distributions. Linear stability analysis is applied, using three-dimensional perturbations. A method is outlined for the construction of a general stability chart; parts of the chart are marginal-stability lines obtained by using the Squire theorem, where disturbances in the flow direction are the most unstable; necessary conditions for the theorem to be valid are developed. These conditions are shown to be sufficient in certain cases. A technique is presented to obtain the stability boundary even when these conditions are not satisfied. The results show that an increase in the Reynolds number cannot increase the stability domain.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of engineering mathematics 20 (1986), S. 3-20 
    ISSN: 1573-2703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Summary The instability associated with the onset of motion in a toroidal natural-circulation loop has been studied theoretically. A one-dimensional model is used to investigate the problem of global flow initiation from a rest state. It is shown that a thermosyphonic flow is established when the modified Rayleigh number exceeds a critical value, R c * or R c , which depends on the modified Biot number B. For a loop heated by a uniform heat flux R c * is between the limits of 1/4 and 2.816 for small and large B, respectively. For a loop heated by a prescribed constant wall temperature, R c has a minimal value of 2 at B=1. These results were obtained by two methods: a direct solution of the steady-state problem and a stability analysis of the rest state. The latter shows that when R *〉R c * there is a single monotonously growing perturbation and there are always additional monotonously decaying disturbance modes.
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