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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The equation of state of water to 250 °C and 200 MPa obtained from a high pressure dilatometer (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 1304-1308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have evaluated the performance of a commercially available, completely automated high pressure dilatometer (PVT apparatus) by determining the equation of state of water over the ranges 30 °C–250 °C and 0–200 MPa, using a sample of only 1–2 g. Although the apparatus was designed for the measurement of solid and molten polymers, we conclude that the system is quite capable of measuring PVT properties of water (and presumably other simple liquids) with a reasonable accuracy (0.001 to 0.005 cm3/g, depending on the temperature range), typically five to ten times less accurate than dedicated equipment using 40–250 times larger samples and, in general, smaller pressure and temperature ranges. Two polynomial fits (for separate pressure ranges) with twelve coefficients give 0.0004–0.0005 cm3/g absolute average deviations from the experimental data for the whole range. Comparisons with the NBS/NRC steam tables show deviations within 0.001 cm3/g below 200 °C, reaching their maximum of 0.006 cm3/g at 250 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142489
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Matrix solidification and the resulting residual thermal stresses in composites (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 20 (1985), S. 355-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The disparate thermal expansion properties of the fibres and matrices in high-performance composites lead to an inevitable build up of residual thermal stresses during fabrication. We first discuss the thermal expansion behaviour of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers that may be used as high-performance composite matrices. The three classes of polymers considered are epoxies, amorphous thermoplastics, and semicrystalline thermoplastics. The relevant thermal expansion data for prediction of the magnitude of the residual stresses in composites is the zero (atmospheric)-pressure thermal expansion data; these data are plotted for a range of thermoplastics and a typical epoxy. Using the technique of photoelasticity, we have measured the magnitude of the residual stresses in unidirectional graphite composites with an amorphous thermoplastic matrix (polysulfone) and with an epoxy matrix (BP907). The temperature dependence of the residual stress build up and the resulting magnitude of the residual stresses correlate well with the thermal and physical properties of the matrix resin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555929
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintaining hydrostatic conditions during solidification of polymers in a high-pressure dilatometer (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 745-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450421
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The specific volume of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) as a function of temperature (30°-372°C) and pressure (0-2000 kg/cm2) (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 633-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data on the specific volume of a 50% crystalline sample of poly(tetrafluorethylene) are presented and discussed. Data points were taken along 22 isotherms spaced 5 to 30°C apart (up to 372°C) in pressure increments of 100 kg/cm2 up to 2000 kg/cm2. In addition to the melting transition and the first-order solid-solid transition near room temperature, a previously reported second-order transition near 140°C at P = 0 is observed. This transition shifts to higher temperatures with increasing pressure by about 0.015°C per kg/cm2. The melt data are discussed in detail. They can be fitted to both the empirical Tait equation, with the usual exponential temperature dependence of the Tait parameter, and to the Simha-Somcynsky hole theory (with the reducing parameters V* = 0.424 cm3/g, T* = 7906°K, and P* = 7100 kg/cm2 = 6960 bars), thus providing a test for this theory at high reduced temperatures near T̃ = 0.08.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1978.070220305
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The specific volume of poly(4-methylpentene-1) as a function of temperature (30°-320°C) and pressure (0-2000 kg/cm2) (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 3129-3137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the specific volume of a commercial sample of poly(4-methylpentene-1) (Mitsui TPX, RT-20, abbr. PMP) on temperature (30°-320°C) and pressure (0-2000 kg/cm2) has been determined. Results are reported in tabular form and as approximate fits, making use of the Tait equation. The data show that the crystalline melting transition of this type of PMP is completed at 235°C under zero pressure and gives indication of a glass transition temperature Tg at about 20°C at p = 0. Its approximate pressure dependence is given by dTg/dp ≈ 0.015°C kg-1 cm2. The zero pressure results on the melting and glass transitions are in agreement with DTA results. The p-v-T data, quenching experiments, and a determination of the crystalline unit cell (tetragonal, a = b = 18.70 Å, c = 13.54 Å) confirm earlier work indicating that the room-temperature crystalline specific volume of PMP is greater than the amorphous specific volume. This unusual density behavior persists to a temperature of 50-60°C at p = 0 and to temperatures as high as 230-240°C under a pressure of 2000 kg/cm2.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070211123
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure-volume-temperature relationships of solid and molten polypropylene and poly(butene-1) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1057-1061 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data on the dependence of the specific volume on temperature and pressure (PVT data) to 2000 kg/cm2 of isotactic polypropylene and isotactic poly(butene-1) are reported and discussed. The temperature range covered is 30-297°C for polypropylene and 30-246°C for poly(butene-1), thus encompassing the solid and molten states of both materials. An empirical equation of state based on the Tait equation can be fitted to the melt data of both materials. The coefficients reported reproduce the measured specific volumes with a standard deviation of less than 0.001 cm3/g.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230411
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pressure-volume-temperature properties of three well-characterized low-density polyethylenes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1051-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pressure-volume-temperature relationships of three low-density polyethylenes are reported in the temperature range of 30°-225°C and in the pressure range of 0-2000 kg/cm2. The same materials had previously been studied by the IUPAC Working Party on Structure and Properties of Commercial Polymers with regard to basic characterization, melt rheology, processing, and end use properties. They were found to be remarkably equal in basic parameters and in some of the melt rheology, but differences among the three samples were found in other rheological properties and in the processing and end use properties of blown film. We find the PVT relationships of these three samples to be practically identical. A numerical equation of state based on the Tait equation is established. It reproduces the measured specific volume data of the melts to better than 0.002 cm3/g.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230410
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of pressure dilatometry for studying phase separation in polymer mixtures (1987)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 188 (1987), S. 2193-2201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that it is possible to use pressure dilatometry (also known as pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) techniques) to follow the phase separation of a polymer blend. PVT data have been obtained for polyether sulfone, poly(ethylene oxide) and blends of the two over a range of compositions. For the pure polymers one can observe the glass transition and melting transitions, respectively. In the case of the blends the volume expansion accompanying phase separation on heating can be seen along with the different thermal expansion coefficients of the generated two phase structures. One can also observe the effect of pressure in elevating the temperature of phase separation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1987.021880916
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The equation of state of solid and molten poly (butylene terephthalate) to 300°C and 200 MPa (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 29 (1991), S. 1141-1146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The volumetric behavior of poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was studied from 30 to 303°C and pressures from atmospheric to 200 MPa. The pressure-volume-tempreature (PVT) data show behavior typical of other semicrystalline materials. The empirical Tait equation was used to fit the measured volumes in the solid and melt regions. The maximum deviations between the Tait fits and the measured volumes were 0.001 and 0.002 cm3/g in the semicrystalline and melt regions, respectively. The theoretical equation of Simha-Somcynsky was used to represent the PVT behavior of this material in the equilibrium melt. Fitting the theory to the data involves a determination of the reducing parameters of the theory. We find P* = 1139 MPa, V* = 0.7838 cm3/g, and T* = 11133 K. From these parameters we calculate that the chemical repeat unit of PBT has 6.37 external degrees of freedom, in comparison with 4.97 degrees of freedom to the closely related poly(ethylene terephthalate), with two less (—CH2—) units in the backbone. The difference of 1.4 degrees of freedom may be compared with the 0.88 degrees of freedom of the polyethylene (—C2H4—) repeat unit itself.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1991.090290913
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equation of state of copolymer melts: The poly(vinyl acetate)-polyethylene pair (1986)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 24 (1986), S. 687-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The pressure - volume - temperature properties of a series of copolymers ranging in content from 18 to 40 wt % of vinyl acetate, and up to a maximum pressure of 1800 kg/cm2 are studied. The results for the melt state can be satisfactorily fitted by the scaled equation of state, developed previously and applied to single-component systems and to mixtures. The dependence of the scaling parameters for the copolymers on composition deviates from that expected for a mixture, where volumes at elevated pressures can be predicted without further recourse to experiment. These differences are discussed in terms of the sequential structure of the copolymer chain and its series of interfaces between the two species.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1986.090240314
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