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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of increasing growth temperature and CO2 concentration on the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis in soybean seedlings (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Global change biology 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Using controlled environmental growth chambers, whole plants of soybean, cv. ‘Clark’, were examined during early development (7–20 days after sowing) at both ambient (≈ 350 μL L–1) and elevated (≈ 700 μL L–1) carbon dioxide and a range of air temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) to determine if future climatic change (temperature or CO2 concentration) could alter the ratio of carbon lost by dark respiration to that gained via photosynthesis. Although whole-plant respiration increased with short-term increases in the measurement temperature, respiration acclimated to increasing growth temperature. Respiration, on a dry weight basis, was either unchanged or lower for the elevated CO2 grown plants, relative to ambient CO2 concentration, over the range of growth temperatures. Levels of both starch and sucrose increased with elevated CO2 concentration, but no interaction between CO2 and growth temperature was observed. Relative growth rate increased with elevated CO2 concentration up to a growth temperature of 35 °C. The ratio of respiration to photosynthesis rate over a 24-h period during early development was not altered over the growth temperatures (20–35 °C) and was consistently less at the elevated relative to the ambient CO2 concentration. The current experiment does not support the proposition that global increases in carbon dioxide and temperature will increase the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis; rather, the data suggest that some plant species may continue to act as a sink for carbon even if carbon dioxide and temperature increase simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00179.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth dynamics and genotypic variation in tropical, field-grown paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to increasing carbon dioxide and temperature (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Global change biology 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: While previous studies have examined the growth and yield response of rice to continued increases in CO2 concentration and potential increases in air temperature, little work has focused on the long-term response of tropical paddy rice (i.e. the bulk of world rice production) in situ, or genotypic differences among cultivars in response to increasing CO2 and/or temperature. At the International Rice Research Institute, rice (cv IR72) was grown from germination until maturity for 4 field seasons, the 1994 and 1995 wet and the 1995 and 1996 dry seasons at three different CO2 concentrations (ambient, ambient + 200 and ambient + 300 μL L–1 CO2) and two air temperatures (ambient and ambient + 4 °C) using open-top field chambers placed within a paddy site. Overall, enhanced levels of CO2 alone resulted in significant increases in total biomass at maturity and increased seed yield with the relative degree of enhancement consistent over growing seasons across both temperatures. Enhanced levels of temperature alone resulted in decreases or no change in total biomass and decreased seed yield at maturity across both CO2 levels. In general, simultaneous increases in air temperature as well as CO2 concentration offset the stimulation of biomass and grain yield compared to the effect of CO2 concentration alone. For either the 1995 wet and 1996 dry seasons, additional cultivars (N-22, NPT1 and NPT2) were grown in conjunction with IR72 at the same CO2 and temperature treatments. Among the cultivars tested, N-22 showed the greatest relative response of both yield and biomass to increasing CO2, while NPT2 showed no response and IR72 was intermediate. For all cultivars, however, the combination of increasing CO2 concentration and air temperature resulted in reduced grain yield and declining harvest index compared to increased CO2 alone. Data from these experiments indicate that (a) rice growth and yield can respond positively under tropical paddy conditions to elevated CO2, but that simultaneous exposure to elevated temperature may negate the CO2 response to grain yield; and, (b) sufficient intraspecific variation exists among cultivars for future selection of rice cultivars which may, potentially, convert greater amounts of CO2 into harvestable yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00180.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of whole plant respiration by elevated CO2 as modified by growth temperature (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 87 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plants of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and orchard grass (Dactylus glomerata) were grown in controlled environment chambers at two CO2 concentrations (350 and 700 μmol mol-1) and 4 constant day/night growth temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C for 50–90 days to determine changes in growth and whole plant CO2 efflux (dark respiration). To facilitate comparisons with other studies, respiration data were expressed on the basis of leaf area, dry weight and protein. Growth at elevated CO2 increased total plant biomass at all temperatures relative to ambient CO2, but the relative enhancement declined (P≤0.05) as temperature increased. Whole plant respiration (Rd) at elevated CO2 declined at 15 and 20°C in D. glomerata on an area, weight or protein basis and in M. sativa on a weight or protein basis when compared to ambient CO2. Separation of Rd into respiration required for growth (Rg) and maintenance (Rm) showed a significant effect of elevated CO2 on both components. Rm was reduced in both species but only at lower temperatures (15°C in M. sativa and 15 and 20°C in D. glomerata). The effect on Rm could not be accounted for by protein content in either species. Rg was also reduced with elevated CO2; however no particular effect of temperature was observed, i. e. Rg was reduced at 20, 25 and 30°C in M. sativa and at 15 and 25°C in D. glomerata. For the two perennial species used in the present study, the data suggest that both Rg and Rm can be reduced by anticipated increases in atmospheric CO2; however, CO2 inhibition of total plant respiration may decline as a function of increasing temperature
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb02494.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of high temperature and elevated CO2 on photosynthetic acclimation of single leaves of rice in situ (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 99 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR72) was grown at three different CO2 concentrations (ambient, ambient + 200 μmol mol−1, ambient + 300 μmol mol−1) at two different growth temperatures (ambient, ambient + 4°C) from sowing to maturity to determine longterm photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 with and without increasing temperature. Single leaves of rice showed a cooperative enhancement of photosynthetic rate with elevated CO2 and temperature during tillering, relative to the elevated CO2 condition alone. However, after flowering, the degree of photosynthetic stimulation by elevated CO2 was reduced for the ambient + 4°C treatment. This increasing insensitivity to CO2 appeared to be accompanied by a reduction in ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity and/or concentration as evidenced by the reduction in the assimilation (A) to internal CO2 (C1) response curve. The reproductive response (e.g. percent filled grains, panicle weight) was reduced at the higher growth temperature and presumably reflects a greater increase in floral sterility. Results indicate that while CO2 and temperature could act synergistically at the biochemical level, the direct effect of temperature on floral development with a subsequent reduction in carbon utilization may change sink strength so as to limit photosynthetic stimulation by elevated CO2 concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03446.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on the growth and gas exchange of three C4 species differing in CO2 leak rates (1999)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 105 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Recent work has suggested that the photosynthetic rate of certain C4 species can be stimulated by increasing CO2 concentration, [CO2], even under optimal water and nutrients. To determine the basis for the observed photosynthetic stimulation, we tested the hypothesis that the CO2 leak rate from the bundle sheath would be directly related to any observed stimulation in single leaf photosynthesis at double the current [CO2]. Three C4 species that differed in the reported degree of bundle sheath leakiness to CO2, Flaveria trinervia, Panicum miliaceum, and Panicum maximum, were grown for 31–48 days after sowing at a [CO2] of 350 μl l−1 (ambient) or 700 μl l−1 (elevated). Assimilation as a function of increasing [CO2] at high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 1 600 μmol m−2 s−1) indicated that leaf photosynthesis was not saturated under current ambient [CO2] for any of the three C4 species. Assimilation as a function of increasing PPFD also indicated that the response of leaf photosynthesis to elevated [CO2] was light dependent for all three C4 species. The stimulation of leaf photosynthesis at elevated [CO2] was not associated with previously published values of CO2 leak rates from the bundle sheath, changes in the ratio of activities of PEP-carboxylase to RuBP carboxylase/oxgenase, or any improvement in daytime leaf water potential for the species tested in this experiment. In spite of the simulation of leaf photosynthesis, a significant increase in growth at elevated [CO2] was only observed for one species, F. trinervia. Results from this study indicate that leaf photosynthetic rates of certain C4 species can respond directly to increased [CO2] under optimal growth conditions, but that the stimulation of whole plant growth at elevated carbon dioxide cannot be predicted solely on the response of individual leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105112.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of nitrogen supply on the potential response of a noxious, invasive weed, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) to recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 119 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A recognized invasive weed, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L. Scop.) was grown at ambient and pre-ambient concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] (373 and 287 μmol mol−1, respectively) at three levels of supplemental nitrogen (N) (3, 6 and 14.5 mM) from seeding until flowering [77 days after sowing (DAS)]. The primary objective of the study was to determine if N supply limited the potential photosynthetic and growth response of this species to the increase in atmospheric [CO2] which occurred during the 20th century (i.e. approximately 290 to 370 μmol mol−1 CO2). Leaf photosynthesis increased both as a function of growth [CO2] and N supply during the first 46 DAS. Although by 46 DAS photosynthetic acclimation was observed relative to a common measurement CO2 concentration, there was no interaction with N supply. Both [CO2] and N increased biomass, relative growth rates and leaf area whereas root : shoot ratio was increased by CO2 and decreased by increasing N; however, N supply did not effect the relative response to [CO2] for any measured vegetative parameter up to 77 DAS. Due to the relative stimulation of shoot biomass, total above-ground N increased at elevated [CO2] for all levels of supplemental N, but nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) did not differ as a function of [CO2]. Overall, these data suggest that any potential response to increased atmospheric [CO2] in recent decades for this noxious weedy species was probably not limited by nitrogen supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00163.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of elevated CO2 on yield loss from a C3 and C4 weed in field-grown soybean (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Soybean (Glycine max) was grown at ambient and enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2, + 250 μL L−1 above ambient) with and without the presence of a C3 weed (lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L.) and a C4 weed (redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.), in order to evaluate the impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on crop production losses due to weeds. Weeds of a given species were sown at a density of two per metre of row. A significant reduction in soybean seed yield was observed with either weed species relative to the weed-free control at either [CO2]. However, for lambsquarters the reduction in soybean seed yield relative to the weed-free condition increased from 28 to 39% as CO2 increased, with a 65% increase in the average dry weight of lambsquarters at enhanced [CO2]. Conversely, for pigweed, soybean seed yield losses diminished with increasing [CO2] from 45 to 30%, with no change in the average dry weight of pigweed. In a weed-free environment, elevated [CO2] resulted in a significant increase in vegetative dry weight and seed yield at maturity for soybean (33 and 24%, respectively) compared to the ambient CO2 condition. Interestingly, the presence of either weed negated the ability of soybean to respond either vegetatively or reproductively to enhanced [CO2]. Results from this experiment suggest: (i) that rising [CO2] could alter current yield losses associated with competition from weeds; and (ii) that weed control will be crucial in realizing any potential increase in economic yield of agronomic crops such as soybean as atmospheric [CO2] increases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00364.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct and indirect inhibition of single leaf respiration by elevated CO2 concentrations: Interaction with temperature (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 90 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two herbaceous perennials, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Arc) and orchard grass (Dactylus glomerata L. cv. Potomac), were grown at ambient (367 μmol mol−1) and elevated (729 μmol mol−1) CO2 concentrations at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C in order to examine direct and indirect changes in nighttime CO2 efflux rate (respiration) of single leaves. Direct (biochemical) effects of CO2 on nighttime respiration were determined for each growth condition by brief (〈30 min) exposure to each CO2 concentration. If no direct inhibition of respiration was observed, then long-term reductions in CO2 efflux between CO2 treatments were presumed to be due to indirect inhibition, probably related to long-term changes in leaf composition. By this criterion, indirect effects of CO2 on leaf respiration were observed at 15 and 20°C for M. sativa on a weight basis, but not on a leaf area or protein basis. Direct effects however, were observed at 15, 20 and 25°C in D. glomerata; therefore the observed reductions in respiration for leaves grown and measured at elevated relative to ambient CO2 concentrations could not be distinguished as indirect inhibition. No inhibition of respiration at elevated CO2 was observed at the highest growth temperature (30°C) in either species. CO2 efflux increased with measurement and growth temperature for M. sativa at both CO2 concentrations; however, CO2 efflux in D. glomerata showed complete acclimation to growth temperature. Stimulation of leaf area and weight by elevated CO2 levels declined with growth temperature in both species. Data from the present study suggest that both direct and indirect inhibition of respiration are possible with future increases in atmospheric CO2, and that the degree of each type of respiratory inhibition is a function of growth temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02202.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiratory responses of higher plants to atmospheric CO2 enrichment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 90 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although the respiratory response of native and agricultural plants to atmospheric CO2 enrichment has been reported over the past 75 years, only recently have these effects emerged as prominent measures of plant and ecosystem response to the earth's changing climate. In this review we discuss this rapidly expanding field of study and propose that both increasing and decreasing rates of leaf and whole-plant respiration are likely to occur in response to rising CO2 concentrations. While the stimulatory effects of CO2 on respiration are consistent with our knowledge of leaf carbohydrate status and plant metabolism, we wish to emphasize the rather surprising short-term inhibition of leaf respiration by elevated CO2 and the reported effects of long-term CO2 exposure on growth and maintenance respiration. As is being found in many studies, it is easier to document the respiratory response of higher plants to elevated CO2 than it is to assign a mechanistic basis for the observed effects. Despite this gap in our understanding of how respiration is affected by CO2 enrichment, data are sufficient to suggest that changes in leaf and whole-plant respiration may be important considerations in the carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems as global CO2 continues to rise. Suggestions for future research that would enable these and other effects of CO2 on respiration to be unravelled are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02215.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing growth temperature reduces the stimulatory effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis or biomass in two perennial species (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 91 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We examined how anticipated changes in CO2 concentration and temperature interacted to alter plant growth, harvest characteristics and photosynthesis in two cold-adapted herbaceous perennials, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Arc) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Potomac). Plants were grown at two CO2 concentrations (362 [ambient] and 717 [elevated] μmol mol−1 CO2) and four constant day/night temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C in controlled environmental chambers. Elevated CO2 significantly increased total plant biomass and protein over a wide range of temperatures in both species. Stimulation of photosynthetic rate, however, was eliminated at the highest growth temperature in M. sativa and relative stimulation of plant biomass and protein at high CO2 declined as temperature increased in both species. Lack of a synergistic effect between temperature and CO2 was unexpected since elevated CO2 reduces the amount of carbon lost via photorespiration and photorespiration increases with temperature. Differences between anticipated stimulatory effects of CO2 and temperature and whole plant single and leaf measurements are discussed. Data from this study suggest that stimulatory effects of atmospheric CO2 on growth and photosynthesis may decline with anticipated increases in global temperature, limiting the degree of carbon storage in these two perennial species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb00417.x
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