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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Halophytes (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 28 (1977), S. 89-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.28.060177.000513
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silicon reduces sodium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in saline conditions and this is accounted for by a reduction in the transpirational bypass flow (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Rice is relatively sensitive to salinity and is classified as a silicon accumulator. There have been reports that silicon can reduce sodium uptake in crop grasses in saline conditions, but the mechanism by which silicon might alleviate salinity damage is unclear. We report on the effects of silicon on growth, gas exchange and sodium uptake in rice genotypes differing in salt tolerance. In non-saline media there were no effects of supplementary silicate upon shoot fresh or dry weight or upon root dry weight, indicating that the standard culture solution was not formally deficient with respect to silicon. Plants grown with supplementary silicate had slightly, but significantly, shorter leaves than plants grown in a standard culture solution. Salinity reduced growth and photosynthetic gas exchange. Silicate supplementation partly overcame the reduction in growth and net photosynthesis caused by salt. This amelioration was correlated with a reduction in sodium uptake. Silicate supplementation increased the stomatal conductance of salt-treated plants, showing that silicate was not acting to reduce sodium uptake via a reduction in the transpiration rate. Silicate reduced both sodium transport and the transport of the apoplastic tracer trisodium-8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulphonic acid (PTS). This implies that the mode of action of silicate was by partial blockage of the transpirational bypass flow, the pathway by which a large proportion of the uptake of sodium in rice occurs. Mechanisms by which silicate might reduce the transpirational bypass flow directly are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00418.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity resistance in Zea mays: fluxes of potassium, sodium and chloride, cytoplasmic concentrations and microsomal membrane lipids (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytoplasmic concentrations, fluxes of K+, Na+ and Cl and microsomal membrane lipids were investigated in a salt-sensitive and salt-resistant variety of Zea mays. The salt resistance of Protador relative to LGH (salt-sensitive) appears to be related to higher K+ fluxes and cytoplasmic concentrations, and lower Na+ and Cl fluxes and cytoplasmic concentrations, when grown in NaCl. There were no apparent differences in the simple chemical composition of root microsomal membrane lipids between the two varicties, neither were these affected by salt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01635.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to resistance to salinity (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 11 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of sodium chloride on water-use efficiency of a number of varieties of rice have been investigated. Sensitivity to salinity in rice arises in large part from excessive rates of sodium ion transport to the shoot consequent upon high rates of transpirational water loss. Varietal differences in water-use efficiency were found: these were greater when measured for whole shoots over a period of one week, than when made as instantaneous measurements on individual leaves. Salinity had rather little effect on water use efficiency but overall resistance of seedlings to salt was, in general, greater the greater the water-use efficiency. The reasons for the differences between varieties are discussed in terms of differences in growth pattern: among the seven varieties investigated, water-use efficiency and salt-resistance were lower in dwarfed as opposed to non-dwarfed varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1988.tb01783.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion accumulation in the cell walls of rice plants growing under saline conditions: evidence for the Oertli hypothesis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. When plants of rice (Oryza saliva L.) are subjected to mildly saline (50mol m−3 NaCl) conditions, the leaves show symptoms of water deficit, even though ion accumulation has been more than sufficient to adjust to the decrease in external water potential. After a few days of exposure to salt, there is a negative correlation, in a population of leaves, between the leaf water concentration (g water per g dry weight) and their sodium concentration (mmol Na per g dry weight). Ion concentrations in the cell walls and the cytoplasm of cells of plants grown in low salinity were measured by X-ray microanalysis. The NaCl concentration in solution in the apoplast was calculated to be around 600mol m−3 in leaves of plants whose roots were exposed to only 50 mol m−3 NaCl. This constitutes strong evidence that an important factor in salt damage in rice is dehydration due to the extracellular accumulation of salt as suggested in the Oertli hypothesis. The implication, that changes in tissue ion concentration and solute potentials equivalent to the external medium is not evidence of plant osmotic adjustment to salinity, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01507.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The involvement of the transpirational bypass flow in sodium uptake by high- and low-sodium-transporting lines of rice developed through intravarietal selection (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the characterization of high- and low-sodium-transporting lines developed by intravarietal selection within a cultivar, IR36, of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The purpose was to investigate the mechanistic basis of sodium uptake in material in which differences in salt uptake could be isolated from the many other morphological and physiological characteristics that affect the phenotypic expression of salt tolerance. The lines differed in mean sodium transport by a factor of 2. They differed in vigour and water use efficiency, which are characters that modify the effects of salt transport, by only 12% or 13%. The lines did not differ significantly in other physiological traits that are components of salt resistance: compartmentalization at the leaf and cellular levels. There was a strong correlation between the transport of sodium and a tracer for apoplastic pathways (trisodium, 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrene trisulphonic acid, PTS) in both lines. The regression coefficient for sodium transport on PTS transport was the same in both lines. The individual variation in PTS transport was similar to that in sodium transport, and the variation in the transport of both was very much greater than the variation in any other character studied. The high-sodium-transporting line took up proportionately more PTS than the low-sodium-transporting line. It is concluded that the transpirational bypass flow is of major importance in sodium uptake by rice and that selection for differences in sodium transport has been brought about by selection for heritable differences in the bypass flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00255.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity resistance: Physiologies and prices (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 58 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04172.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation and localisation of sodium ions within the shoots of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties differing in salinity resistance (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 56 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oryza sativa L. (rice) is a salt-sensitive crop species which is relatively ineffective in controlling the influx of sodium and chloride ions to the shoot. Nonetheless, there is considerable varietal and individual variability in salinity resistance, much of which must derive, therefore, from differences in the fates and subsequent effects of saline ions after they have entered the plant. The destination of sodium ions within the plant has been investigated, in saline conditions, by examining the time-course of sodium ion concentrations in different leaves of four varieties and breeding lines of rice of differing salinity resistance. Radionuclide tracers were employed to study short term effects and the degree of retranslocation of these sodium ions. Sodium was not distributed uniformly but accumulated in the older leaves before the younger ones. At least some leaves were maintained at sub-lethal salt concentrations in at least the more salt resistant varieties. Radionuclide tracer studies showed that the discontinuous distribution of sodium (from leaf to leaf) is constitutive, and cannot be explained by time of exposure or differential leaf growth rates, and that significant quantities of sodium were not subsequently retranslocated, either within the plant or to the root medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00350.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Varietal differences in the toxicity of sodium ions in rice leaves (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 59 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Visual damage is commonly used as the criterion for assessment of salinity resistance in rice breeding programmes. The use of other indicators, such as sodium uptake, is being evaluated: a correlation between initial sodium uptake to the third leaf and varietal survival was established and the physiological basis of this examined.Chlorophyll was used as an indicator of metabolic status and the relationship between leaf sodium and chlorophyll concentrations investigated for nine varieties differing in their resistance to salinity. By sampling a population of leaves having a wide range of salt concentrations, inverse relationships between chlorophyll and sodium concentrations were established. The salt concentration in the leaf tissue which causes equivalent toxicity (50% loss of chlorophyll) differed 3-fold amongst these varieties. Varieties showing the greatest tolerance to salt within the leaves were not necessarily those showing the greatest overall phenotypic resistance to salinity.The enzymes malate dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase were activated equally by sodium and potassium ions at 60–80 mol m−3 in both control and saline grown plants and severely inhibited at higher concentrations. If all the salt in the tissue of leaves with 50% chlorophyll remaining was in solution and uniformly distributed the concentration would be 135–500 mol m−3. This is improbable and some level of compartmentation is likely.It is concluded that while initial sodium uptake has predictive value for salinity resistance of varieties, there are other characteristics which are masked by excess salt entry and require independent assessment; no single factor confers resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb00756.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion measurements by X-ray microanalysis in unfixed, frozen, hydrated plant cells of species differing in salt tolerance (1977)
    Springer
    Planta 134 (1977), S. 35-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Hordeum ; Salt tolerance ; Scanning electronmicroscope ; X-ray microanalysis ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for X-ray microanalysis of unfixed, frozen, hydrated higher plant cells using a scanning electron microscope in conjunction with a cryostage. Freezing in liquid N2 is the only preparative step required. Using this method, ion distribution was compared in the roots of Zea mays L. (termed a salt excluder) and Hordeum vulgare L. (which is rather more tolerant), both grown in the presence of NaCl. Distinct differences were observed between the two species in Na, K and Cl distribution. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that reabsorption of Na from the xylem sap in the mature regions of the root may occur in salt-sensitive glycophytes such as Z. mays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390091
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