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  • 1
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    Ecology of a bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni: phenology, hunting tactics, and evidence for aggressive chemical mimicry (1988)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing dispersal of larval Coleomegilla maculata from the weed Acalypha ostryaefolia to sweet corn (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Coleomegilla maculata ; Euphorbiaceae ; Acalypha ostryaefolia ; Zea mays ; dispersal ; predator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polyphagous predator, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), commonly oviposits on the native weed, Acalypha ostryaefolia Riddell (Euphorbiaceae), in and around Kentucky sweet corn fields. Cannibalism of eggs by C. maculata adults and larvae is drastically lower on A. ostryaefolia than on nearby sweet corn plants. We examined ovipositional preference of C. maculata for A. ostryaefolia plants or sweet corn plants, dispersal of larvae from A. ostryaefolia plants, capability for dispersal of larvae across bare soil (e.g., to nearby plants), ability of larvae to climb from ground level up A. ostryaefolia plants or sweet corn plants, and effect of A. ostryaefolia borders adjacent to sweet corn plots on C. maculata population density in sweet corn. The ovipositional preference study revealed that C. maculata laid more eggs on A. ostryaefolia than on corn. First-instar C. maculata that hatched from egg clusters on A. ostryaefolia dispersed predominantly by falling, rather than crawling, to the ground. Glandular trichomes on A. ostryaefolia petioles and stems apparently inhibited intraplant movement of first instars, resulting in those larvae falling directly from leaves to the ground. Some first instars were capable of moving at least 8 m across bare soil in 24 h. From the ground, significantly more first instars climbed sweet corn plants than climbed A. ostryaefolia plants. Significantly more larvae were present in sweet corn plots bordered by A. ostryaefolia plants than in sweet corn plots without an A. ostryaefolia border. These findings show that physical attributes of companion plants can significantly influence natural enemy populations on crop plants by affecting interplant dispersal of natural enemies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026429217088
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology of a bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni: phenology, hunting tactics, and evidence for aggressive chemical mimicry (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 74 (1988), S. 524-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Aggressive mimicry ; Araneae ; Mastophora ; Predation ; Sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bolas spiders are relatively rare members of the large family known as orb weavers. Instead of using a typical web to capture prey, late-stadia and adult female bolas spiders swing a droplet of adhesive on a thread at flying insects. Mastophora hutchinsoni (Araneae: Araneidae) is one of five Mastophora species known from the United States and occurs over much of eastern North America. It is univoltine in Kentucky and overwinters in the egg stage. Spiderling emerged in May, the diminutive males matured in late June and early July, and females matured in early September. Eggs were produced from late September to late October or early November. This report is the first complete documentation of the population phenology of any bolas spider. Newly-emerged M. hutchinsoni spiderlings did not use a bolas, but instead hunted by positioning themselves on the underside of leaf margins where they ambushed small arthropods that crawled along the leaf margins. Subadult and adult female M. hutchinsoni used a bolas to capture moths. Only male moths were captured, specifically three species of Noctuidae (bristly cutworm, bronzed cutworm, and smoky tetanolita) and one species of Pyralidae (bluegrass webworm). Among 492 prey captured by more than twenty spiders at two sites during 1985 and 1986, smoky tetanolita moths and bristly cutworm moths accounted for 93% of the total. The flight behavior of approaching moths, the limited taxa caught from a large available moth fauna, and the fact that only males were caught support the hypothesis that the spider attracts its prey by producing chemicals which mimic the sex pheromones of these moth species. Adult female M. hutchinsoni frequently captured more than one moth species on a given night. The two most common prey species were active at different times of night, the bristly cutworm soon after nightfall and the smoky tetanolita generally between 11:00 p.m. and dawn. This pattern suggests that mating activity of these moth species may be temporally isolated, a common phenomenon when sympatric species have similar pheromones. If so, the spider could capture both species without producing different pheromone-mimicking compounds, simply by hunting during the activity period of each species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380049
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggressive Chemical Mimicry by the Bolas Spider Mastophora hutchinsoni: Identification and Quantification of a Major Prey's Sex Pheromone Components in the Spider's Volatile Emissions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1235-1243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect pheromones ; pheromone emission ; aggressive chemical mimicry ; predation ; allomone ; Araneae ; Araneidae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The adult female bolas spider Mastophora hutchinsoni feeds exclusively on attracted males of a few moth species. This exclusivity and the behavior of the approaching moths suggest that the spider aggressively mimics the sex pheromones of its prey species. Males of the bristly cutworm, Lacinipolia renigera, are a major prey of this spider, accounting for about two thirds of the biomass of prey consumed. Female bristly cutworms produce a pheromone blend consisting of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14 : Ac) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecenyl acetate (ZE-9,12–14 : Ac). To determine if M. hutchinsoni females mimic the sex pheromone components and blend ratio of L. renigera, we collected volatiles from hunting adult female spiders and analyzed them with gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-EAD analysis of volatile collections, using a male bristly cutworm antenna as the detector and two capillary columns of different polarities, revealed the presence of peaks with retention times (R ts) identical to Z9–14 : Ac and ZE-9,12– 14 : Ac. The mass spectrum of a peak with R t of Z9–14 : Ac was identical to the mass spectrum of the synthetic equivalent. There was an insufficient quantity of the compound with R t of ZE-9,12–14 : Ac to get a full spectrum, but selective detection of ions at m/z 61 and 192 at the correct R t supported the identification. On average, the blend collected from spiders contained 54.8 ± 20.8 (SE) pg/min of Z9–14 : Ac and 2.5 ± 1.7 (SE) pg/min of ZE-9,12–14 : Ac. The latter, on average, comprised 2.6 ± 0.7% of the total, which is similar to the blend ratio emitted by bristly cutworm females. Our results indicate that the adult female M. hutchinsoni produces an allomone blend that mimics not only the composition, but also the blend ratio, of the sex pheromone of a major prey species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005488128468
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of sex pheromone ofTetanolita mynesalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a prey species of bolas spider,Mastophora hutchinsoni (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 75-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical mimicry ; pheromone ; Mastophora hutchinsoni ; bolas spider ; Tetanolita mynesalis ; 3Z,6Z,9Z-heneicosatriene ; 3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-heneicosadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bolas spider,Mastophora hutchinsoni, attracts adult males of four species of nocturnally active Lepidoptera through aggressive chemical mimicry of those species' sex pheromones. Here we report the identification of the sex pheromone of one prey species, the smoky tetanolita (Tetanolita mynesalis). In sex pheromone gland extracts, only two peaks stimulated an electrophysiological response as measured by a coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection analysis. These two peaks had retention times identical to (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heneicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H) and (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxy-heneicosadiene (3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-21:H), respectively, and mass spectra identical to these two compounds. It was determined that 0.23±0.16 and 0.56±0.26 ng of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-21:H, respectively, were present in pheromone gland extracts from individual females. A 1:1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-21:H was an effective attractant for adult males from feral populations. Blend ratios of these two components from 2:1 to 1:2 were equally effective as attractants. Greater deviation from the optimal blends resulted in diminished trap catches. The enantiomer 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-21:H not only was not effective in attracting males, its presence in the effective blend shut down trap catches. These results indicate that the pheromone blend consists of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-21:H. This is the first report of a hydrocarbon/epoxide pheromone for a prey species of this bolas spider. Sex attractants or pheromones for the other three prey species are composed of aldehydes or acetates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040201
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