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  • 1
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    Cyclone-driven deep sea injection of freshwater and heat by hyperpycnal flow in the subtropics (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 37 (2010): L21702, doi:10.1029/2010GL044893.
    Description: The western tropical Pacific gives birth to 23 tropical cyclones annually, bringing torrential rainfall to mountainous islands across Oceania resulting in a global sediment production hotspot, in which many rivers have great hyperpycnal potential. By using a temperature (T) and salinity (S) profiler, we observed anomalously warm, low salinity turbid water at 3000–3700 m depths in seas ∼180 km off southwestern Taiwan immediately after Typhoon Morakot in 2009. This 250m-thick bottom-hugging water occupies ∼2400 km2, and contains 0.15% freshwater, suggesting a remarkably high fraction (6–10%) of event rainfall from southwestern Taiwan. These characteristics indicate the turbid water originated from shallow coastal waters via hyperpycnal flow. Apparently, sediment produced from the land during tropical cyclones open an “express gate” to convey heat and freshwater vertically to the deep ocean basin subsequently warming the deep water from the bottom up.
    Description: Funded by China (973 Program, 2009CB421200 and the program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities, B07034) and Taiwan (NSC 98‐2116‐M‐001‐005; Academia Sinica Thematic Program AFOBi).
    Keywords: Cycloen ; Hyperpycnal flow ; Typhoon Morakot ; Taiwan ; Oceania
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Preservation of terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediments off shore Taiwan: mountain building and atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-17
    Description: Geological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) can be achieved by the erosion of organic carbon (OC) from the terrestrial biosphere and its burial in long-lived marine sediments. Rivers on mountain islands of Oceania in the western Pacific have very high rates of OC export to the ocean, yet its preservation offshore remains poorly constrained. Here we use the OC content (Corg, %), radiocarbon (Δ14Corg) and stable isotope (δ13Corg) composition of sediments offshore Taiwan to assess the fate of terrestrial OC. We account for rock-derived fossil OC to assess the preservation of OC eroded from the terrestrial biosphere (non-fossil OC) during flood discharges (hyperpycnal river plumes) and when river inputs are dispersed more widely (hypopycnal). The Corg, Δ14Corg and δ13Corg of marine sediment traps and cores indicate that during flood discharges, terrestrial OC is transferred efficiently to the deep ocean and accumulates offshore with little evidence for terrestrial OC loss. In marine sediments fed by dispersive river inputs, the Corg, Δ14Corg and δ13Corg are consistent with mixing of marine OC and terrestrial OC and suggest that efficient preservation of terrestrial OC (〉 70%) is also associated with hypopycnal delivery. Re-burial of fossil OC is pervasive. Our findings from Taiwan suggest that erosion and marine burial of terrestrial non-fossil OC may sequester 〉 8 TgC yr−1 across Oceania, a significant geological CO2 sink which requires better constraint. We postulate that mountain islands of Oceania provide strong link between tectonic uplift and the carbon cycle, one moderated by the climatic variability that controls terrestrial OC delivery to the ocean.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 3
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    Preservation of terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediments offshore Taiwan: mountain building and atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-04
    Description: Geological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) can be achieved by the erosion of organic carbon (OC) from the terrestrial biosphere and its burial in long-lived marine sediments. Rivers on mountain islands of Oceania in the western Pacific have very high rates of OC export to the ocean, yet its preservation offshore remains poorly constrained. Here we use the OC content (Corg, %), radiocarbon (Δ 14Corg) and stable isotope (δ13Corg) composition of sediments offshore Taiwan to assess the fate of terrestrial OC, using surface, sub-surface and Holocene sediments. We account for rock-derived OC to assess the preservation of OC eroded from the terrestrial biosphere and the associated CO2 sink during flood discharges (hyperpycnal river plumes) and when river inputs are dispersed more widely (hypopycnal). The Corg, Δ14Corg and δ 13Corg of marine sediment traps and cores indicate that during flood discharges, terrestrial OC can be transferred efficiently down submarine canyons to the deep ocean and accumulates offshore with little evidence for terrestrial OC loss. In marine sediments fed by dispersive river inputs, the Corg, Δ14Corg and δ 13Corg are consistent with mixing of terrestrial OC with marine OC and suggest that efficient preservation of terrestrial OC (〉70%) is also associated with hypopycnal delivery. Sub-surface and Holocene sediments indicate that this preservation is long-lived on millennial timescales. Re-burial of rock-derived OC is pervasive. Our findings from Taiwan suggest that erosion and offshore burial of OC from the terrestrial biosphere may sequester 〉8 TgC yr−1 across Oceania, a significant geological CO2 sink which requires better constraint. We postulate that mountain islands of Oceania provide a strong link between tectonic uplift and the carbon cycle, one moderated by the climatic variability which controls terrestrial OC delivery to the ocean.
    Print ISSN: 2196-6311
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-632X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 4
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    Isotopic composition of water-soluble nitrate in bulk atmospheric deposition at Dongsha Island: sources and implications of external N supply to the northern South China Sea (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-17
    Description: Increased reactive nitrogen (Nr, NO3− + NH4+ + dissolved organic nitrogen) emission from Asian continent poses profound threats on ecosystem safety from terrestrial throughout the ocean proper. To diagnose the sources of atmospheric Nr input and quantify its influence on marine nitrogen cycle of the South China Sea (SCS), an oligotrophic marginal sea adjacent to the emission hotspot China, we conducted measurements of dual isotopes of water-soluble nitrate (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) and concentrations of major ions for bulk atmospheric deposition collected from Dongsha Island off south China. The δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 for bulk deposition ranged from −7.5‰ to +3.9‰ and ∼ +17‰ to +88‰, respectively. A relatively uniform low δ15NNO3 and high δ18ONO3 endmember were observed in winter. Non-sea-salt sulfate/calcium (nssSO42− and nssCa2+) peaked as the increasing nitrate depositional flux (one exception caused by typhoon), implying a pollution source of nitrate during high deposition. Meanwhile, the flux-weighted average of δ15NNO3 was −2.7± 2.3‰, resembling the isotopic signature of fossil fuel combustion in inland China. More variable dual isotopic values observed in July and September suggest relatively dynamics sources and conversion chemistry. During the period affected by the peripheral circumfluence of Typhoon Fanapi, a high nitrate deposition with uniform isotopic composition (δ15NNO3 of ~ −0.5‰ and δ18ONO3 of ∼ +19‰) was observed accompanying with low terrestrial constituents such as dust and pollutants (e.g. nssSO42− and nssCa2+). This high nitrate deposition was likely a natural endmember sourced from lightning. The summarized total atmospheric Nr deposition (AND) is ∼ 50 mmol N m−2 yr−1. If without this additional AND fertilization, CO2 release (currently 460 ± 430 mmol C m−2 yr−1) from the SCS would be doubled. Our study demonstrates that AND may serve as an important external Nr supply to the SCS yet difficult to separate from N-fixation (−2‰ to 0‰) due to isotopic similarity and high N : P ratio. More studies related to isotopic composition of nitrogen speciation and their relative contributions as well as the role of typhoon-induced input to AND are required.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 5
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    Nitrification and its oxygen consumption along the turbid Changjiang River plume (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-24
    Description: Nitrification rates of bulk water (NRb) and particle free (NRpf, particle 〉 3 μm eliminated) were determined along the Changjiang River plume in August 2011 by nitrogen isotope tracer technique. Dissolved oxygen (DO), community respiration rate (CR), nutrients, dissolved organic nitrogen, total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon/nitrogen (POC/PON), acid-leachable iron and manganese on suspended particles and both archaeal and β-proteobacterial amoA abundance on size-fractioned particle (〉 3 μm and 0.22–3 μm) were measured. The NRb ranged from undetectable up to 4.6 μmol L−1 d−1 peaking at salinity of ~ 29. NRb values were positively correlated with ammonia concentration suggesting the importance of substrate in nitrification. In river mouth and inner plume, NRb was much higher than NRpf indicating nitrifying bacteria is mainly particle-associated, which was supported by amoA gene abundance and regression analysis of TSM and NRb. The estimated oxygen demand of nitrification accounted for 0.4% to 317% of CR. The nitrification oxygen demand is much higher than Redfield model's estimation (23%) indicating that oxygen might not be the sole oxidant though DO was sufficient (〉 58 μmol kg−1). The excess nitrification oxygen demand showed tendency to occur at lower DO samples accompanying with higher acid-leachable Fe/Mn, which implied reactive Fe3+/Mn4+ may play a role as oxidant in nitrification process. Stoichiometric calculation suggested reactive Fe on particles was even 10-fold the oxidant demand for complete ammonia oxidation along all areas of the plume. The involvement of reactive iron and manganese in nitrification process in oxygenated water further complicated the nitrogen cycling in turbid river plume.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
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    Isotopic composition of water-soluble nitrate in bulk atmospheric deposition at Dongsha Island: sources and implications of external N supply to the northern South China Sea (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-07
    Description: Increased reactive nitrogen (Nr, NO3− + NH4++ + dissolved organic nitrogen) emission from the Asian continent poses profound threats to ecosystem safety from terrestrial throughout the ocean proper. To quantify atmospheric Nr input, diagnose its sources, and evaluate influence on marine nitrogen cycle of the South China Sea (SCS), an oligotrophic marginal sea adjacent to the emission hot spot China, we conducted measurements of concentrations of nitrate and ammonium as well as other major ions and dual isotopes of nitrate (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) in atmospheric deposition collected from Dongsha Island off southern China. The δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 for dry deposition averaged at −2.8‰ and +58.8‰, ranging from −7.5 to +3.7‰ and from ∼ +17 to +88‰, respectively. Wet deposition, although with limited samples, showed a similar flux-weighted mean in δ15NNO3 (−2.6‰) yet a significantly higher mean in δ18ONO3 (+78.8‰). The dual isotope ratios showed an anti-correlation and an inverse seasonality; the δ15NNO3 values were higher in summer compared to those in winter, while the δ18ONO3 values were higher in winter than those in summer. In winter, not only dual isotopic compositions of nitrate but also the ammonium and nitrate dry deposition fluxes were relatively uniform, demonstrating a persistent influence of fossil fuel combustion sourced from Asian continental outflows via the northeasterly monsoon winds. More variable isotopic values in summer likely suggest varying sources and dynamical formation processes of dry deposition nitrate. Biomass burning and lightning are suggested to be responsible for the observed higher δ15NNO3 values in summer. Atmospheric nitrate and ammonium deposition together was estimated to be ∼50 mmol N m−2 year−1, with the dominance of nitrate in dry deposition but ammonium slightly higher in wet deposition. If not including this additional fertilization of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposition to enhance the carbon sequestration, CO2 release out of the SCS would be double than that of the present amount, 460 ± 430 mmol C m−2 year−1. Our study demonstrates that atmospheric deposition may serve as an important external Nr supplier to the SCS; however it is difficult to separate the isotopic signal from N2 fixation (−2–0‰) due to their similarity in δ15NNO3. More studies related to isotopic composition of nitrogen speciation in atmospheric Nr deposition, their relative contributions and source identification, and the role of typhoons in the SCS are required.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
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    Nitrification and its oxygen consumption along the turbid Chang Jiang River plume (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-14
    Description: Nitrification is a series of processes that oxidizes ammonia to nitrate, which contributes to hypoxia development in coastal oceans, especially in eutrophicated regions. The nitrification rate of bulk water (NRb) and particle free water (NRpf, particle 〉 3 μm eliminated) were determined along the Chang Jiang River plume in August 2011 by nitrogen isotope tracer technique. Measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO), community respiration rate (CR), nutrients, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon/nitrogen (POC / PON), acid-leachable iron and manganese on suspended particles and both archaeal and β-proteobacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene (amoA) abundance on size-fractioned particles (〉 3 μm and 0.22–3 μm) were conducted. The NRb ranged from undetectable up to 4.6 μmol L−1 day−1, peaking at a salinity of ~ 29. NRb values were positively correlated with ammonium concentration, suggesting the importance of substrate in nitrification. In the river mouth and the inner plume, NRb was much higher than NRpf, indicating that the nitrifying microorganism is mainly particle associated, which was supported by its significant correlation with amoA gene abundance and TSM concentration. The estimated oxygen demands of nitrification accounted for 0.32 to 318% of CR, in which 50% samples demanded more oxygen than that predicted by by the Redfield model (23%), indicating that oxygen might not be the sole oxidant though DO was sufficient (〉 58 μmol kg−1) throughout the observation period. The excess nitrification-associated oxygen demand (NOD) showed a tendency to occur at lower DO samples accompanied by higher acid-leachable Fe / Mn, which implied reactive Fe3+ / Mn4+ may play a role as oxidant in the nitrification process. Stoichiometric calculation suggested that reactive Fe on particles was 10 times the oxidant demand required to complete ammonia oxidation in the entire plume. The potential involvement of reactive iron and manganese in the nitrification process in oxygenated water further complicated nitrogen cycling in the turbid river plume.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Cyclone-driven deep sea injection of freshwater and heat by hyperpycnal flow in the subtropics (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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