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  • 1
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    Lethargus is a Caenorhabditis elegans sleep-like state (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-11
    Description: There are fundamental similarities between sleep in mammals and quiescence in the arthropod Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that sleep-like states are evolutionarily ancient. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans also has a quiescent behavioural state during a period called lethargus, which occurs before each of the four moults. Like sleep, lethargus maintains a constant temporal relationship with the expression of the C. elegans Period homologue LIN-42 (ref. 5). Here we show that quiescence associated with lethargus has the additional sleep-like properties of reversibility, reduced responsiveness and homeostasis. We identify the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) gene egl-4 as a regulator of sleep-like behaviour, and show that egl-4 functions in sensory neurons to promote the C. elegans sleep-like state. Conserved effects on sleep-like behaviour of homologous genes in C. elegans and Drosophila suggest a common genetic regulation of sleep-like states in arthropods and nematodes. Our results indicate that C. elegans is a suitable model system for the study of sleep regulation. The association of this C. elegans sleep-like state with developmental changes that occur with larval moults suggests that sleep may have evolved to allow for developmental changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raizen, David M -- Zimmerman, John E -- Maycock, Matthew H -- Ta, Uyen D -- You, Young-jai -- Sundaram, Meera V -- Pack, Allan I -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):569-72. doi: 10.1038/nature06535. Epub 2008 Jan 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. raizen@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arousal/genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/enzymology/genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/physiology ; Homeostasis/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Lethargy ; Molting/physiology ; Sleep/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Regulation of Synaptic Transmission at the Caenorhabditis elegans M4 Neuromuscular Junction by an Antagonistic Relationship Between Two Calcium Channels (2014)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-16
    Description: In wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans , the synapse from motor neuron M4 to pharyngeal terminal bulb (TB) muscles is silent, and the muscles are instead excited by gap junction connections from adjacent muscles. An eat-5 innexin mutant lacking this electrical connection has few TB contractions and is unable to grow well on certain foods. We showed previously that this defect can be overcome by activation of the M4 -〉 TB synapse. To identify genes that negatively regulate synaptic transmission, we isolated new suppressors of eat-5 . To our surprise, these suppressors included null mutations in NPQR-type calcium channel subunit genes unc-2 and unc-36 . Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Ca 2+ entry through the NPQR-type channel inhibits synaptic transmission by activating the calcium-activated K + channel SLO-1 , thus antagonizing the EGL-19 L-type calcium channel.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 3
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    Variations in leaf litter decomposition across contrasting forest stands and controlling factors at local scale (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-21
    Description: Aims Litter decomposition is a critical pathway linking the above- and belowground processes. However, factors underlying the local spatial variations in forest litter decomposition are still not fully addressed. We investigated leaf litter decomposition across contrasting forest stands in central China, with objective to determine the spatial variations and controlling factors in forest floor leaf litter decomposition in relation to changes in forest stands in a temperate forest ecosystem. Methods Leaf litter decomposition was studied by using litterbag method across several typical forest stand types in Baotianman Nature Reserve, central China, including pure stands of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata , Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata and Q. variabilis , respectively, and mixed pine/oak stands dominated by Pinus armandii and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata , as well as stands of pure Q. aliena var. acuteserrata trees ranging in stand age from ~40 to 〉160 years. Measurements were made on litter mass remaining and changes in litter chemistry during decomposition over a 2-year period, along with data collections on selective biotic and environmental factors. A reciprocal transplant experiment involving Q. aliena var. acuteserrata and Q. variabilis was concurrently carried out to test the occurrence of ‘home-field advantage (HFA)’ in local forests when only considering contrasting oak tree species. Correlation analyses and path analyses were performed to identify the dominant drivers and their relative contributions to variations in leaf litter decomposition. Important findings Significant variations were found in the rate of leaf litter decomposition among stands of different tree species but not among stand age classes. The values of decay constant, k , varied from 0.62 in Q. aliena var. acuteserrata stands to 0.56 in Q. variabilis stands. The reciprocal litter transplant experiment showed that the rate of leaf litter decomposition was on average 5% slower in home-fields than on reciprocal sites. Path analysis identified litter acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) to N ratio, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) as most prominent factors controlling the rate of leaf litter decomposition, collectively accounting for 57.8% of the variations; AUR/N had the greatest negative effect on k value, followed by weaker positive effects of SOC and MBC. Our findings suggest that tree species plays a primary role in affecting forest floor leaf litter decomposition by determining the litter quality, with site environment being a secondary factor contributing to the local variations in leaf litter decomposition in this temperate forest ecosystem.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Tracking hurricane-generated storm surge with washover fan stratigraphy (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-21
    Description: We use the stratigraphy preserved in a washover fan to reconstruct the timing or emplacement and environmental conditions along the Matagorda Peninsula, Texas, during Hurricane Ike in 2008. Washover fan stratigraphy preserves a topset-foreset break (TFB) that rises 0.42 m in elevation as the fan built landward. We constrain overwash flow depths to 0.1–0.32 m through deposit sedimentology, and tie the rising trajectory of the TFB to rising storm surge water levels measured in the back-barrier bay (0.03 m h –1 ) as the hurricane approached the coast. This relation allows us to estimate that the fan took 0.52–0.90 days to build, and was finished building before the storm surge peaked. This is 15–25% of the 3.5 days of hurricane-induced storm surge near the site. We show how washover stratigraphy can be used to constrain the timing and amount of sediment redistribution on a coast associated with a hurricane; information that is necessary to test and/or calibrate existing numerical models that predict shoreline change during hurricanes.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 5
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    DPY-17 and MUA-3 Interact for Connective Tissue-Like Tissue Integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Model for Marfan Syndrome (2015)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-16
    Description: mua-3 is a Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the mammalian fibrillin1 , a monogenic cause of Marfan syndrome. We identified a new mutation of mua-3 that carries an in-frame deletion of 131 amino acids in the extracellular domain, which allows the mutants to survive in a temperature-dependent manner; at the permissive temperature, the mutants grow normally without obvious phenotypes, but at the nonpermissive temperature, more than 90% die during the L4 molt due to internal organ detachment. Using the temperature-sensitive lethality, we performed unbiased genetic screens to isolate suppressors to find genetic interactors of MUA-3 . From two independent screens, we isolated mutations in dpy-17 as a suppressor. RNAi of dpy-17 in mua-3 rescued the lethality, confirming dpy-17 is a suppressor. dpy-17 encodes a collagen known to genetically interact with dpy-31 , a BMP-1/Tolloid-like metalloprotease required for TGFβ activation in mammals. Human fibrillin1 mutants fail to sequester TGFβ2 leading to excess TGFβ signaling, which in turn contributes to Marfan syndrome or Marfan-related syndrome. Consistent with that, RNAi of dbl-1 , a TGFβ homolog, modestly rescued the lethality of mua-3 mutants, suggesting a potentially conserved interaction between MUA-3 and a TGFβ pathway in C. elegans . Our work provides genetic evidence of the interaction between TGFβ and a fibrillin homolog, and thus provides a simple yet powerful genetic model to study TGFβ function in development of Marfan pathology.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Screening and Evaluation of Microorganism Species in Oil Recovery in Ji 45 Block (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-06
    Description: In order to improve the development effect of Ji 45 block and slow down the nature decline, the bacteria evaluation experiment was carried out. Six strains were screened and their adaptability, emulsifying property and viscosity reduction were evaluated. The results showed that the strains of CYY0807 and CYY0810 have significant effect on the oil under reservoir conditions. The viscosity reduction rate reached 46.9% when the two strains were compounded. The gas chromatography results indicated that the compounded strains have good degradation effect on crude oil. The light components of crude oil increased and the heavy constituent reduced. According to the physical simulation experiment, the recovery was 9.2% under Ji 45 reservoir conditions by using the compounded strains.
    Print ISSN: 1755-1307
    Electronic ISSN: 1755-1315
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 7
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    A biogeochemical orientation survey around a low-grade uranium deposit in black shale in the Goesan district, Korea (2013)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Biogeochemical methods have been widely applied for uranium mineral exploration, but there have been few applications for low-grade uranium deposits. This paper describes a biogeochemical method of exploration for U in black shale areas. Sampling was performed in October 2010 and the following May along three survey lines at 15 sampling points 30 m apart. Daimyo oak ( Quercus dentata ) leaves and twigs, Japanese red pine ( Pinus densiflora ) twigs, and soils were collected at each sampling site, and the same suite of samples from five sites in a control area. Soil samples were analysed by INAA and four-acid digestion ICP-AES, and plant samples by ICP-MS after ashing to calculate values levelled to a dry-weight basis. The range of U in soils is from 2.7 to 694 ppm (mean 91.8 ppm; median 34.5 ppm); in plant samples, the ranges in Quercus dentata leaves and twigs, and Pinus densiflora twigs are from 0.007 to 2.687 ppm (mean 0.160 ppm; median 0.063 ppm), from 0.002 to 0.53 ppm (mean 0.037 ppm; median 0.012 ppm), and from 0.002 to 0.2 ppm (mean 0.014 ppm; median 0.009 ppm), respectively. In general, profiles of U concentrations in soil and plant samples coincide relatively well with the mineralized zone, although an inferior relationship at some sites may be due to down-slope displacement of soil. Quercus dentata twigs are considered to be useful as a biogeochemical medium to explore for low-grade U deposits in the study area.
    Print ISSN: 1467-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-7873
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 8
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    Preparation of carbon nanotubes/BiOBr composites with higher visible light photocatalytic activity (2014)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-06
    Print ISSN: 0036-0244
    Electronic ISSN: 1531-863X
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    A controllable noise-like operation regime in a Yb-doped dispersion-mapped fiber ring laser (2013)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-14
    Print ISSN: 1612-2011
    Electronic ISSN: 1612-202X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 10
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    Effective pulse recompression after nonlinear spectral broadening in picosecond Yb-doped fiber amplifier (2011)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-28
    Print ISSN: 1054-660X
    Electronic ISSN: 1555-6611
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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