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  • 1
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    Relativistic electron flux dropouts in the outer radiation belt associated with Corotating Interaction Regions (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-21
    Description: Understanding how the relativistic electron fluxes drop out in the outer radiation belt under different conditions is of great importance. To investigate which mechanisms may affect the dropouts under different solar wind conditions, 1.5-6.0 MeV electron flux dropout events associated with 223 Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) from 1994 to 2003 are studied using the observations of SAMPEX satellite. According to the superposed epoch analysis, it is found that high solar wind dynamic pressure with the peak median value of about 7 nPa, is corresponding to the dropout of the median of the Radiation Belt Content (RBC) index to 20 percent of the level before stream interface arrival; whereas low dynamic pressure with the peak median value of about 3 nPa, is related to the dropout of the median of RBC index to 40 percent of the level before stream interface arrival. Furthermore, the influences of Russell-McPherron effect with respect to Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) orientation on dropouts is considered. It is pointed out that under positive Russell-McPherron effect (+RM effect) condition, the median of RBC index can drop to 23 percent of the level before stream interface arrival; while for negative Russell-McPherron-effect (-RM effect) events, the median of RBC index only drops to 37 percent of the level before stream interface arrival. From the evolution of phase space density profiles, the effect of +RM on dropouts can be through non-adiabatic loss.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Dipole tilt angle effect on magnetic reconnection locations on the magnetopause (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Description: Plasma energy-dispersion properties inside reconnection jet flows observed inside the low latitude boundary layer are used to determine the distances of observing satellites to reconnection sites. The locations of the reconnection sites are then retrieved by tracing the modeled field lines by those distances. The controlling effects of the dipole tilt angle to the location of X-lines or reconnection sites are investigated. Our results show that the Earth's dipole tilt angles strongly modify the location of X-lines predicted by Cooling et al 's model, which is thought to be the result of magnetopause reshaping due to finite dipole tilt angles.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Time delay of interplanetary magnetic field penetration into Earth's magnetotail (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: Many previous studies have demonstrated that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) can control the magnetospheric dynamics. Immediate magnetospheric responses to the external IMF has been assumed for a long time. The specific processes by which IMF penetrates into magnetosphere, however, is actually unclear. Solving this issue will help to accurately interpret the time sequence of magnetospheric activities (e.g., substorm, tail plasmoids) exerted by IMF. With two carefully selected cases, we found that the penetration of IMF into magnetotail is actually delayed by 1~1.5 hours, which significantly lags behind the magnetotail response to the solar wind dynamic pressure. The delayed time appears to vary with different auroral convection intensity, which may suggest that IMF penetration in the magnetotail is controlled considerably by the dayside reconnection. Several unfavorable cases demonstrates that the penetration lag time is more clearly identified when storm/substorm activities are not involved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    3D Near-Surface Shear-Wave Velocity Structure from Ambient-Noise Tomography and Borehole Data in the Hefei Urban Area, China (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-25
    Description: Imaging near-surface structure with active sources, such as dynamite or vibrators, is usually difficult in urban areas because of dense population and safety issues. However, ambient-noise tomography can provide an alternative way to investigate near-surface structures without such difficulties. Here, we conduct ambient-noise tomography to investigate the near-surface shear-velocity structure in the urban area of the city of Hefei (about a 5 km x 7 km region) in eastern China, using two weeks of continuous ambient-noise data. The direct surface-wave tomographic method with period-dependent raytracing is used to invert all surface-wave dispersion data in the period band 0.5–2 s simultaneously for 3D variations of shear-velocity structures. To constrain the top 30-m velocity structure in the inversion, we utilize the borehole data in the city of Hefei to obtain a better 3D reference wavespeed model in the top 30 m. Our tomographic results from surface to about 400 m depth suggest that the northern part of the urban region presents higher shear velocity than the southern part. This result is consistent with regional geology; that is, the southern part of the study region is closer to Chao Lake, the fifth largest freshwater lake in China, which has much thicker sediments and lower shear wavespeed. The sharp velocity variation in our obtained model matches the location of the Shushan fault, which is associated with large gravity variations. Our near-surface velocity model of the Hefei urban area provides useful information for city planning as well as for earthquake strong ground motion prediction, which may bring strong engineering interests in the future.
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 5
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    Technique for diagnosing the flapping motion of magnetotail current sheets based on single-point magnetic field analysis (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-11
    Description: The magnetotail current sheet is active and often flaps back and forth. Knowledge about the flapping motion of current sheet is essential to explore the related magnetotail dynamic processes, e.g. plasma instabilities. Due to the inability of single-point measurements to separate the spatial-temporal variation of magnetic field, the moving velocity of flapping current sheets cannot be revealed generally until the multi-point measurements are available, e.g. the Cluster mission. Therefore, currently the flapping behaviors are hard to be resolved only relying on single-point magnetic field analysis. In this study, with minimum variance analysis, we develop a technique based on single-point magnetic field measurement to qualitatively diagnose the flapping properties including the flapping type and the travelling direction of kink-like flapping. The comparison with Cluster multipoint analysis via several cases studies demonstrates that this technique is applicable, it should, however, be used with caution especially when the local sheet surface is either quasi-horizontal, or quasi-vertical. This technique will be useful for the planetary magnetotail exploration where no multipoint observations are available.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    The flapping motion of the Venusian magnetotail: Venus express observations (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-03
    Description: With a newly developed technique and magnetic field measurements obtained by the magnetometer on Venus Express, we study the flapping motion of the Venusian magnetotail. We find that the flapping motion generally comprises contributions both from a non-propagating steady flapping and a propagating kink-like flapping. The flapping motion tilts the current sheet normal significantly in the plane perpendicular to the Venus-Sun line. The kink-like flapping waves travelling along solar wind electric field or its anti-direction can be found in either magnetotail hemisphere where solar wind electric field pointing towards /away. The travelling behaviours suggest that the locations of the triggers for kink-like flappings are near the boundaries between magnetotail current sheet and magnetosheath, not near the central region of magnetotail as is for the Earth's magnetotail.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Spatial gradients from irregular, multiple-point spacecraft configurations (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-11-14
    Description: We present a generalized multipoint analysis of physical quantities, such as magnetic field and plasma flow, based on spatial gradient properties, where the multipoint data may be taken by irregular (distorted) configurations of any number of spacecraft. The methodology is modified from a previous, fully 3-D gradient analysis technique, designed to apply strictly to 4-point measurements and to be stable for regular spacecraft configurations. Here, we adapt the method to be tolerant against distorted configurations and to return a partial result when fewer spacecraft measurements are available. We apply the method to a variety of important physical quantities, such as the electric current density and the vorticity of plasma flows based on Cluster and THEMIS multiple-point measurements. The method may also have valuable applications on the coming Swarm mission.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    GADD45B mediates podocyte injury in zebrafish by activating the ROS-GADD45B-p38 pathway (2016)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-22
    Description: GADD45B mediates podocyte injury in zebrafish by activating the ROS-GADD45B-p38 pathway Cell Death and Disease 7, e2068 (January 2016). doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.300 Authors: Z Chen, X Wan, Q Hou, S Shi, L Wang, P Chen, X Zhu, C Zeng, W Qin, W Zhou & Z Liu
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
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    Compressibility of Mercury's dayside magnetosphere (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: The Mercury is experiencing significant variations of solar wind forcing along its large eccentric orbit. With 12 Mercury years of data from Mercury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER), we demonstrate that Mercury's distance from the Sun has a great effect on the size of the dayside magnetosphere that is much larger than the temporal variations. The mean solar wind standoff distance was found to be about 0.27 Mercury radii (R M ) closer to the Mercury at perihelion than at aphelion. At perihelion the subsolar magnetopause can be compressed below 1.2R M of ~2.5% of the time. The relationship between the average magnetopause standoff distance and heliocentric distance suggests that on average the effects of the erosion process appears to counter balance those of induction in Mercury's interior at perihelion. However, at aphelion, where solar wind pressure is lower and Alfvénic Mach number is higher, the effects of induction appear dominant.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Early millet use in China [Anthropology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: It is generally understood that foxtail millet and broomcorn millet were initially domesticated in Northern China where they eventually became the dominant plant food crops. The rarity of older archaeological sites and archaeobotanical work in the region, however, renders both the origins of these plants and their processes of domestication poorly understood. Here we present ancient starch grain assemblages recovered from cultural deposits, including carbonized residues adhering to an early pottery sherd as well as grinding stone tools excavated from the sites of Nanzhuangtou (11.5–11.0 cal kyBP) and Donghulin (11.0–9.5 cal kyBP) in the North China Plain. Our data extend the record of millet use in China by nearly 1,000 y, and the record of foxtail millet in the region by at least two millennia. The patterning of starch residues within the samples allow for the formulation of the hypothesis that foxtail millets were cultivated for an extended period of two millennia, during which this crop plant appears to have been undergoing domestication. Future research in the region will help clarify the processes in place.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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