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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 21 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The results of physiochemical and electron microscope studies on the structure of the kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia are discussed. The molecular weight of isolated kinetoplast DNA is approximately 41 × 109 daltons. The basic unit of organization of this DNA is a covalently closed circular molecule 0.8 μm in contour length (molecular weight 1.54 × 106 daltons). An average of 33 such circles are held together in a group by topological interlocking of each circle with a large number of other circles in the group. An average of 804 groups are held together into a structure termed an association. A group of circles is attached to several adjacent groups. This is accomplished by 1 or more circles each interlocking with many circles in 2 (but never more) of the groups. The groups of circles are arranged in such a way that the association, comprising about 27,000 circles, has a topologically 2-dimensional form. A model is presented for the in situ arrangement of the kinetoplast DNA association. Data which we have obtained is consistent with the view that all of the circular molecules of kinetoplast DNA of one organism carry the same genetic information. The transcription product is a single RNA molecule of approximately the size of a single circular DNA molecule. From studies involving density shift experiments using deuterium oxide, buoyant density ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy we have determined the following concerning replication of kinetoplast DNA: (a) doubling of the kinetoplast DNA results from the replication of each circular molecule rather than from extensive replication of a small number of circular molecules; (b) replication of kinetoplast DNA is a semi-conservative rather than a conservative process and there is recombination at an undefined time during the cell cycle; (c) a portion of a kinetoplast DNA association is in the form of long linear molecules during the replicative phase of that association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03716.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic Deoxyribonucleic Acid-containing Bodies in Amoebae (1966)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 211 (1966), S. 652-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Cells of the strain of Amoeba proteus, ^P, and the strain of Amoeba discoides, TID, used in the nuclear transfer experiments1-6 were kindly provided by Dr. S. E. Hawkins. The cells were grown in a dilute salt solution10 at 18 C and fed daily on Tetrahymena geleii. Cells of both species were treated ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/211652b0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic DNA-containing Bodies and the Inheritance of Certain Cytoplasmically Determined Characters in Amoeba (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 214 (1967), S. 928-929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have tried to determine whether or not the DNA-containing bodies in A. discoides are concerned with the hereditary determinants attributed to the cytoplasm of this species. Separate cultures of cells of each of the original strains of A. proteus (TIP) and A. discoides (T1D)1,6, of the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/214928a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A coral mitochondrial mutS gene (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 375 (1995), S. 109-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - A high rate of evolution is a much mentioned characteristic of animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). However, this claim is based on observations made principally for mammals, where mtDNA nucleotide substitutions occur at frequencies 5-17 times those of nuclear DNAs1'3. The ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375109b0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COXIII) in broad bean mitochondrial DNA: structural features and sequence evolution (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Plant mtDNA ; Conserved hairpin structures ; Nucleotide substitutions ; Rates of evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A nucleotide sequence of broad bean mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains the coxIII gene is presented, and compared to corresponding sequences of Oenothera and corn mtDNAs. Upstream from the broad bean coxIII gene are three potential secondary structures: a single stem and loop (hairpin) that is conserved in the Oenothera and corn sequences; a second single stem and loop; and a double stem and loop. The rate of evolution of the coxIII gene has been slower in plants than in mammals. Constraints on the fixation of at least some kinds of mutations in silent (synonymous) third position nucleotides, as well as of mutations that cause amino acid replacements, seem to have contributed to this slower rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313246
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin and direction of replication in mitochondrial plasmid DNAs of broad bean,Vicia faba (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Plant mtDNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzymes ; Hairpin structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Broad bean (Vicia faba) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) includes three circular plasmids: mt-plasmid 1 (1,704 ntp), mt-plasmid 2 (1,695 ntp) and mt-plasmid 3 (1,476 ntp). Partially replicated circular forms of these mt-plasmids have been observed in electron microscope preparations. Restriction enzymes that cleave either mt-plasmid 2 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 3) or mt-plasmid 3 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 2) were used to generate linear forms of partially replicated mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 molecules. Analyses of these linearized replicative intermediates, observed by electron microscopy, indicated that in both mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 replication originates at a specific location and proceeds in the same, single direction around the molecules. The replication origins of mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 map close to sequences that can fold into hairpin structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569340
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A broad bean mitochondrial atp6 gene with an unusually simple, non-conserved 5′ region (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Plant mtDNA ; Nucleotide sequences ; Repeated sequence ; Translation initiation ; Post-translational cleavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A nucleotide sequence of broad bean mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains an atp6 gene of 876 ntp is presented. Relative to other plant atp6 genes, this broad bean gene comprises a 90 ntp non-conserved 5′ region, a 759 ntp highly conserved central region and a 27 ntp non-conserved 3′ region. The non-conserved, 5′ region of the broad bean atp6 gene differs from the corresponding regions of most other plant atp6 genes in that it contains only one potential translation initiation codon and, following this codon, a 63 ntp segment that predicts an amino acid sequence with a predominance of alternating leucines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321121
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA of Hydra attenuata (Cnidaria): A Sequence That Includes an End of One Linear Molecule and the Genes for l-rRNA, tRNAf-Met, tRNATrp, COII, and ATPase8 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 51 (2000), S. 404-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Hydra attenuata— Cnidaria — Mitochondrial genes — Nucleotide sequences — Genetic code — Transfer RNA genes — Large ribosomal rRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The 3231-nucleotide-pair (ntp) sequence of one end of one of the two linear mitochondrial (mt) DNA molecules of Hydra attenuata (phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, order Anthomedusae) has been determined. This segment contains complete genes for tRNAf-Met, l-rRNA, tRNATrp, subunit 2 of cytochrome c oxidase (COII), subunit 8 of ATP synthetase (ATPase8), and the 5′ 136 ntp of ATPase6. These genes are arranged in the order given and are transcribed from the same strand of the molecule. As in two other cnidarians, the hexacorallian anthozoan Metridium senile and the octocorallian anthozoan Sarcophyton glaucum, the mt-genetic code of H. attenuata is near standard. The only modification appears to be that TGA specifies tryptophan rather than termination. Also as in M. senile and S. glaucum, the encoded H. attenuata mt-tRNAf-Met has primary and secondary structural features resembling those of Escherichia coli initiator tRNAt-Met. As the encoded mt-tRNATrp cannot be folded into a totally orthodox secondary structure, two alternative forms are suggested. The encoded H. attenuata mt-l-rRNA is 1738 nt, which is 451 nt shorter than the M. senile mt-l-rRNA. Comparisons of secondary structure models of these two mt-l-rRNAs indicate that most of the size difference results from loss of nucleotides in the H. attenuata molecule at a minimum of 46 locations, which includes elimination of six distinct helical elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002390010103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrepancy in divergence of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes ofDrosophila teissieri andDrosophila yakuba (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 500-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; Restriction analysis ; Nucleotide sequence ; Nucleotide diversity ; Nucleotide distance ; A+T-rich region ; Evolutionary rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction sites were compared in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules from representatives of two closely related species of fruit flies: nine strains ofDrosophila teissieri and eight strains ofDrosophila yakuba. Nucleotide diversities amongD. teissieri strains and amongD. yakuba strains were 0.07% and 0.03%, respectively, and the nucleotide distance between the species was 0.22%. Also determined was the nucleotide sequence of a 2305-nucleotide pari (ntp) segment of the mtDNA molecule ofD. teissieri that contains the noncoding adenine+thymine (A+T)-rich region (1091 ntp) as well as the genes for the mitochondrial small-subunit rRNA, tRNAf-met, tRNAgln, and tRNAile, and portions of the ND2 and tRNAval genes. This sequence differs from the corresponding segment of theD. yakuba mtDNA by base substitutions at 0.1% and 0.8% of the positions in the coding and noncoding regions, respectively. The higher divergence due to base substitutions in the A+T-rich region is accompanied by a greater number of insertions/deletions than in the coding regions. From alignment of theD. teissieri A+T-rich sequence with those ofD. yakuba andDrosophila virilis, it appears that the 40% of this sequence that lies adjacent to the tRNAile gene has been highly conserved. Divergence between the entireD. teissieri andD. yakuba mtDNA molecules, estimated from the sequences, was 0.3%; this value is close to the value (0.22%) obtained from the restriction analysis, but 10 times lower than the value estimated from published DNA hybridization results. From consideration of the relationships of mitochondrial nucleotide distance and allozyme genetic distance found among seven species of theDrosophila melanogaster subgroup, the mitochondrial nucleotide distance observed forD. teissieri andD. yakuba is anomalously low in relation to the nuclear genetic distance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101105
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mitochondrial DNA molecule ofDrosophila yakuba: Nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 22 (1985), S. 252-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Mitochondrial genes ; Nucleotide sequence ; Gene arrangement ; Genetic code ; Codon-anticodon interaction ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Transfer RNA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sequence of the 16,019 nucleotide-pair mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule ofDrosophila yakuba is presented. This molecule contains the genes for two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, six identified proteins [cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II, and III (COI-III), and ATPase subunits 6 and 8] and seven presumptive proteins (URF1-6 and URF4L). Replication originates within a region of 1077 nucleotides that is 92.8% A+T and lacks any open reading frame larger than 123 nucleotides. An equivalent to the sequence found in all mammalian mtDNAs that is associated with initiation of second-strand DNA synthesis is not present inD. yakuba mtDNA. Introns are absent fromD. yakuba mitochondrial genes and there are few (0–31) intergenic nucleotides. The genes found inD. yakuba and mammalian mtDNAs are the same, but there are differences in their arrangement and in the relative proportions of the complementary strands of the molecule that serve as templates for transcription. Although theD. yakuba small and large mitochondrial rRNA genes are exceptionally low in G and C and are shorter than any other metazoan rRNA genes reported, they can be folded into secondary structures remarkably similar to the secondary structures proposed for mammalian mitochondrial rRNAs.D. yakuba mitochondrial tRNA genes, like their mammalian counterparts, are more variable in sequence than nonorganelle tRNAs. In mitochrondrial protein genes ATG, ATT, ATA, and in one case (COI) ATAA appear to be used as translation initiation codons. The only termination codon found in these genes is TAA. In theD. yakuba mitochondrial genetic code, AGA, ATA, and TGA specify serine, isoleucine, and tryptophan, respectively. Fifty-nine types of sense codon are used in theD. yakuba mitochondrial protein genes, but 93.8% of all codons end in A or T. Codon-anticodon interactions may include both G-A and C-A pairing in the wobble position. Evidence is summarized that supports the hypothesis that A and T nucleotides are favored at all locations in theD. yakuba mtDNA molecule where these nucleotides are compatible with function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099755
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