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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 627 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25907.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operantly Conditioned Plasticity in Spinal Cord (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 627 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25936.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT SPINAL CORD PLASTICITY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001), S. 807-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Activity-dependent plasticity occurs in the spinal cord throughout life. Driven by input from the periphery and the brain, this plasticity plays an important role in the acquisition and maintenance of motor skills and in the effects of spinal cord injury and other central nervous system disorders. The responses of the isolated spinal cord to sensory input display sensitization, long-term potentiation, and related phenomena that contribute to chronic pain syndromes; they can also be modified by both classical and operant conditioning protocols. In animals with transected spinal cords and in humans with spinal cord injuries, treadmill training gradually modifies the spinal cord so as to improve performance. These adaptations by the isolated spinal cord are specific to the training regimen and underlie new approaches to restoring function after spinal cord injury. Descending inputs from the brain that occur during normal development, as a result of supraspinal trauma, and during skill acquisition change the spinal cord. The early development of adult spinal cord reflex patterns is driven by descending activity; disorders that disrupt descending activity later in life gradually change spinal cord reflexes. Athletic training, such as that undertaken by ballet dancers, is associated with gradual alterations in spinal reflexes that appear to contribute to skill acquisition. Operant conditioning protocols in animals and humans can produce comparable reflex changes and are associated with functional and structural plasticity in the spinal cord, including changes in motoneuron firing threshold and axonal conduction velocity, and in synaptic terminals on motoneurons. The corticospinal tract has a key role in producing this plasticity. Behavioral changes produced by practice or injury reflect the combination of plasticity at multiple spinal cord and supraspinal sites. Plasticity at multiple sites is both necessary-to insure continued performance of previously acquired behaviors-and inevitable-due to the ubiquity of the capacity for activity-dependent plasticity in the central nervous system. Appropriate induction and guidance of activity-dependent plasticity in the spinal cord is an essential component of new therapeutic approaches aimed at maximizing function after spinal cord injury or restoring function to a newly regenerated spinal cord. Because plasticity in the spinal cord contributes to skill acquisition and because the spinal cord is relatively simple and accessible, this plasticity is a logical and practical starting point for studying the acquisition and maintenance of skilled behaviors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.807
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive plasticity in the spinal stretch reflex: An accessible substrate of memory? (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 5 (1985), S. 147-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: plasticity ; stretch reflex ; spinal reflex ; primate ; learning ; memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The study of the substrates of memory in higher vertebrates is one of the major problems of neurobiology. A simple and technically accessible experimental model is needed. 2. Recent studies have demonstrated long-term adaptive plasticity, a form of memory, in the spinal stretch reflex (SSR). The SSR is due largely to a two-neuron monosynaptic arc, the simplest, best-defined, and most accessible pathway in the primate central nervous system (CNS). 3. Monkeys can slowly change SSR amplitude without a change in initial muscle length or alpha motoneuron tone, when reward is made contingent on amplitude. Change occurs over weeks and months and persists for long periods. It is relatively specific to the agonist muscle and affects movement. 4. The salient features of SSR adaptive plasticity, combined with clinical and laboratory evidence indicating spinal cord capacity for intrinsic change, suggest that SSR change eventually involves persistent segmental alteration. If this is the case, SSR plasticity should be a powerful model for studying the neuronal and synaptic substrates of memory in a primate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711090
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic exposure of primates to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields: I. exposure system and measurements of general health and performance (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 10 (1989), S. 277-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz fields ; electric field ; magnetic field ; primate ; central nervous system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We exposed pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) to electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields at strengths of 3 kV/m and 0.1 G, 10 kV/m and 0.3 G, and 30 kV/m and 0.9 G for three 21 day segments. These three exposure segments were preceded and followed by 21 day sham exposure segments. Additional animals received only sham exposure for five 21 day segments. Detailed description of the exposure chamber and field generation apparatus is given. We evaluated measures of animal well-being, including weight, blood chemistry, blood cell counts, and performance on a simple motor task, and performed postmortem examinations. Reliable and consistent results were obtained throughout data collection. None of the measures evaluated was significantly affected by E- and B-field exposures. Data obtained during actual exposure segments were not distinguishable from those obtained during the initial and final sham exposure segments, nor were they different from data obtained from the sham-exposed animals. Thus, field exposure had no apparent effects on general health or performance.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250100306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic exposure of primates to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields: III. Neurophysiologic effects (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 10 (1989), S. 303-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electromagnetic radiation ; evoked potential ; somatosensory ; auditory ; brainstem auditory ; visual ; primates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The neurophysiologic effects of combined 60-Hz electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields, of magnitudes comparable to those produced by high-voltage powerlines, were investigated in 10 monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Six animals (experimental group) were each exposed to three different levels of E and B fields: 3 kV/m and 0.1 G, 10 kV/m and 0.3 G, and 30 kV/m and 0.9 G. Field exposures were preceded and followed by sham exposures, during which factors of field generation were present (e.g., heat, vibration, noise, etc.) without E and B fields. Each of the five segments (i.e., the three exposure segments and the initial and final sham exposure segments) lasted 3 weeks. Animals were exposed for 18 h/day (fields on at 1600 h, off at 1000 h). Four other animals (external control group) were given sham exposure for the entire 15-week period. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded twice a week, during the daily 6-h field-off period.E- and B-field exposure had no effect on the early or mid-latency evoked potential components, suggesting that exposure at these levels has no effect on peripheral or central sensory afferent pathways. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in the amplitudes of late components of the somatosensory evoked potential during the 10kV/m and 0.3 G, and 30 kV/m and 0.9 G exposure levels. This result is possibly related to the opiate antagonist effect of electromagnetic field exposure reported by others.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250100308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic exposure of primates to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields: II. Neurochemical effects (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 10 (1989), S. 289-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: nonhuman primates ; cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We exposed Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques) to electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields ranging in intensity from 3 kV/m and 0.1 G to 30 kV/m and 0.9 G for three 21-day (d) periods. Experimental animals were exposed to sham E and B fields for two 21-d periods, one prior to and one following actual exposure to E and B fields, resulting in a total of five 21-d periods. Control animals were exposed to sham E and B fields for the entire 105-d interval. At the end of each 21-d period cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained by lumbar puncture and analyzed for concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), metabolites of dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters, respectively, by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Results are based on an examination of six experimental and four control animals.Exposure to E and B fields at all strengths was associated with a significant decline in CSF concentrations of both HVA and 5-HIAA when statistical comparisons were made against values obtained at the end of the preexposure interval. However, HVA returned to preexposure levels during the postexposure period, while 5-HIAA did not. No significant change in the concentrations of HVA or 5-HIAA was noted in the control animals.These results strongly suggest that exposure of the nonhuman primate to E and B fields can significantly affect specific biochemical estimates of nervous system function. These effects may involve alterations either in neuronal activity or in the activity of enzymes that catabolize the neurotransmitters.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250100307
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  • 8
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    Adaptive plasticity in the spinal stretch reflex: An accessible substrate of memory? (1985)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0272-4340
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-6830
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    The complex structure of a simple memory (1997)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0166-2236
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-108X
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 10
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    Memory traces in spinal cord (1990)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0166-2236
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-108X
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Cell Press
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