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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 55 (1989), S. 1826-1828 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We describe for the first time the theory of frequency modulation (FM) response in distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with two active segments. FM response is enhanced due to two-segment operation; the enhancement decreases at higher modulation frequencies and higher photon densities. Bandwidth of the response can extend to the multigigahertz range. The FM response is dramatically different in lasers operating in the red- and blue-shifted static tuning regimes. We find good agreement between the theory and our measurements of multigigahertz FM response of two-segment DFB lasers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 53 (1988), S. 1198-1200 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated laser-assisted photochemical etching of InP in aqueous solutions without external electric fields. The process produces highly directional, high-aspect features with smooth vertical walls. Additionally, we demonstrate that the laser etching rate may be controlled externally by the application of a secondary light source.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 55 (1989), S. 984-986 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser-induced photochemical etching was used to etch GaAs/AlGaAs multilayered material. In this carrier-driven process, the confinement of photogenerated holes to the alternating GaAs layers resulted in the controlled lateral etching of buried GaAs layers. An application of this etching technique to forming microcleaved laser facets is described.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 54 (1989), S. 1839-1841 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have applied the technique of laser-induced etching to fabricate rib waveguides on a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure system. Light confinement of these guides was controlled by varying the depth of the etched trenches. Additionally, we have demonstrated directional couplers and two-level waveguides using the in situ depth control of this single-step process.
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  • 5
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    Chicago : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Economic development and cultural change. 2:1 (1953:Apr.) 71 
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 132 (1998), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Variscan Erzgebirge represents an antiform with a core of gneisses and mica schists, surrounded by a phyllitic mantle. The Gneiss-Eclogite Unit (GEU), in the central part, is a composite tectonometamorphic assemblage characterized by a HP-HT imprint and comprises migmatitic para- and orthogneisses, HT mylonites, HP granulites, eclogites and garnet peridotites. It is tectonically sandwiched between two major units with distinctly lower PT histories. The GEU experienced a characteristic “kinked” retrograde PT path after HP-HT equilibration with: (1) strong near-isothermal decompression at high temperatures; (2) extensive re-equilibration at medium pressures, followed (3) by rapid cooling during continued uplift. We dated zircons (Pb-Pb evaporation) from granitoid orthogneisses and metapelites of the GEU. The orthogneisses contain euhedral, long-prismatic zircons of igneous origin that provided protolith ages between 470 and 524 Ma. Metapelites retain well-preserved granulite-facies mineral assemblages and contain spherical, multifaceted metamorphic zircons that grew near the peak of HP/HT metamorphism. Inclusions of prograde HP phengite (∼15 kbar) and rutile are included in one such zircon. Metamorphic zircons of three samples from different localities yielded identical 207Pb/206Pb ages of 340.5 ± 0.7 Ma, 341.2 ± 0.5 Ma and 341.6 ± 0.5 Ma respectively. Consideration of these zircon ages with published 39Ar/40Ar white mica ages suggests fast cooling and uplift rates in excess of 50 °C/Ma and 4 km/Ma. This is typical for large-scale extensional tectonic unroofing of the ultra-deep part of a fossil, thickened Variscan continental crust (〉60 km) during continuing continental collision and orogenic collapse.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 27 (1992), S. 304-313 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Tourmalinites as proximal fades equivalents of stratiform peraluminous metamorphic rocks occur stratigraphically below base metal deposits and above thick metarhyolite horizons. Their premetamorphic protoliths are believed to have originated by tourmaline precipitation from exhalative B-, F- and W-rich brines also transporting aluminous clay colloids and dissolved silica. Tourmaline chemistry is used as an effective petrogenetic sensor. The tourmalines are Al-saturated, alkali-deficient dravite-schorl solid solutions, which are in the compositional range of tourmalines originated by exhalative processes. F-substitution in tourmalines is governed by Fe-F-avoidance. F is relatively enriched in the tourmalines and can potentially be used as a tracer for the source of primary hydrothermal solutions. Ti is introduced into the tourmalines by the substitution scheme Ti+AlIV=AlY+Si. The high Ti-contents of the tourmalines as well as those of coexisting muscovites represent evidence of high-temperature metamorphism. Many tourmalines exhibit continuous zoning, which can partly be attributed to external fluid influx near peak metamorphic conditions.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Zircon  ;  Geochronology  ;  Cadomian  ;  Pre-Variscan  ;  Erzgebirge  ;  Nd model ages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Single zircons from two orthogneiss complexes, the 'Grey Gneiss' and 'Red Gneiss', the lowermost tectonic units in the Erzgebirge, were dated. The grey Freiberg Gneiss is of igneous origin and has a 207Pb/206Pb emplacement age of 550±7 Ma. A quartz monzonite from Lauenstein contains idiomorphic zircons with a mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 555±7 Ma as well as xenocrysts ranging in age between ∼850 and ∼1910 Ma. Red gneisses from the central Erzgebirge contain complex zircon populations, including numerous xenocrysts up to 2464 Ma in age. The youngest, idiomorphic, zircons in all samples yielded uniform 207Pb/206Pb ages between 550±9 and 554±10 Ma. Nd isotopic data support the interpretation of crustal anatexis for the origin of both units. εNd(t) values for the grey gneisses are –7.5 and –6.0 respectively, (mean crustal residence ages of ∼1.7–1.8 Ga). The red gneisses have a wider range in εNd(t) values from –7.7 to –2.8 (T DM ages of 1.4–1.8 Ga). The zircon ages document a distinct late Proterozoic phase of granitoid magmatism, similar in age to granitoids in the Lusatian block farther north-east. However, Palaeozoic deformation as well as medium pressure metamorphism (∼8 kbar/600–650°  C) are identical in both gneiss units and distinguish these rocks from the Lusatian granitoids. The grey and red gneisses were overthrust by units with abundant high-pressure relicts and a contrasting P–T evolution. Zircon xenocryst and Nd model ages in the range 1000–1700 Ma are similar to those in granitoid rocks of Lusatia and the West-Sudetes, and document a pre-Cadomian basement in parts of east-central Europe that, chronologically, has similarities with the Sveconorwegian domain in the Baltic Shield.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 80 (1991), S. 369-389 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Geothermobarometric studies of plutonic and medium to high grade metamorphic rocks of the Odenwald (SW Germany) provide data for the construction of PT-paths of four different crustal sections within a part of a magmatic arc of the Mid-European Hercynian orogen. The evolution of the thermal structure of the Odenwald is characterized by an early geotherm of 35–40°C/km after crustal stacking involving rocks with medium pressure relics. Peak PT-conditons reached 4–5 kbar and 650°C. Only rocks of the northernmost Odenwald show evidence for PT conditions related to a higher geotherm at this time. Early uplift occurred during normal oblique sinistral strike shear. The central Odenwald was uplifted into a level corresponding to 3 kbar during intrusion of calcalkaline magmas. The northernmost Odenwald subsided at the same time, as proved by an anticlockwise PT-path. Subsequently, in the southern and eastern Odenwald, rapid uplift caused a further increase of the geotherm to 60–80°C/km. This is concomitant with extension and granitoid intrusions. Crustal thickening in the Odenwald is restricted to an early phase during the Devonian. The magmatic arc developed within a »pull-apart«-like structure during the Lower Carboniferous.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans l'Odenwald (sud-ouest de l'Allemagne), l'étude géothermobarométrique de roches plutoniques et de roches métamorphiques de degré moyen à élevé fournit les données qui permettent la construction de trajets (P, T) relatifs à quatre sections crustales dans une partie d'un arc magmatique de l'orogène varisque d'Europe. Le début de l'évolution de la structure thermique de l'Odenwald a été marqué par un gradient géothermique de 35–40°C/Km, en suite à un empilement crustal impliquant des roches qui contiennent des reliques de pression moyenne. Les conditions (P, T) du métamorphisme maximal furent de 4–5 Kbar et 650°C. Seules les roches de l'Odenwald septentrional témoignent d'un gradient plus élevé à cette époque. Un soulèvement hâtif s'est produit le long de zones de cisaillement sénestres. Concomitamment à l'intrusion de magmas calcoalcalins, l'Odenwald central a été le siège d'un soulèvement jusqu'à un niveau correspondant à 3 Kbar. En même temps, l'Odenwald septentrional s'affaissait, comme en témoigne uu trajet (P, T) anti-horlogique. Par la suite, dans l'Odenwald méridional et oriental, une montée rapide associée à un processus d'extension et à l'intrusion de magmas granitoïdes a amené le gradient géothermique à des valeurs de 60 à 80° /Km. L'épaississement crustal est cantonné à une phaseprécoce d'âge dévonien, tandis que l'arc magmatique s'est développé dans une structure ra pullapart « au cours du Carbonifère inférieur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Geothermobarometrische Untersuchungen an Plutoniten und mittelbis hochgradigen Metamorphiten des Odenwaldes ermöglichen die Konstruktion von PT-Pfaden für vier Krustenabschnitte in einem Teil eines variszischen magmatischen Gürtels. Zu Beginn der Entwicklung der thermischen Struktur des magmatischen Gürtels stellte sich ein Geotherm von 35–40°C/km nach einer Krustenstapelung ein, in die Gesteine mit Mitteldruckrelikten einbezogen wurden. Die PT-Bedingungen zum Höhepunkt der Metamorphose erreichten 4–5 kbar und 650°C. Nur Gesteine des nördlichen Odenwaldes belegen PT-Bedingungen, die auf einen höheren Geotherm zu dieser Zeit hinweisen. Frühe Hebung fand entlang von Schrägabschiebungen statt. Der zentrale Odenwald wurde bei gleichzeitiger Intrusion kalkalkaliner Magmen in ein Niveau entsprechend 3 kbar gehoben. Der nördliche Odenwald sank gleichzeitig ab, wie durch einen gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gerichteten PT-Pfad belegt wird. Im südlichen und östlichen Odenwald bewirkte danach schnelle Hebung einen weiteren Anstieg des Geotherms auf 60–80°C/km verbunden mit Dehnung und Intrusion granitoider Magmen. Während Krustenverdickung auf eine frühe Phase im Devon beschränkt ist, entwickelt sich der magmatische Gürtel im Bereich des Odenwaldes im Unterkarbon innerhalb einer » pull apart «-ähnlichen Struktur.
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