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1

Digitale Medien

Zoology Twice bitten (2007)

Westneat, Mark W.

[s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group

Nature 449 (2007), S. 33-34

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ISSN: 1476-4687

Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Notizen: [Auszug] Many animals swallow their prey whole. Snakes come to mind, of course; but amphibians, lizards, birds and thousands of fish species can also attack, and gulp down, prey nearly as large as their head — imagine swallowing a peanut-butter sandwich or a salmon whole and you get some idea of how ...

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/449033b

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2

Digitale Medien

Predation on coral spawn by planktivorous fish (1988)

Westneat, Mark W. ; Resing, JoAnn M.

Springer

Coral reefs 7 (1988), S. 89-92

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ISSN: 1432-0975

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

Notizen: Abstract The stomach contents of three species of coral reef fish were examined for changes in diet during the annual mass spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Acanthochromis polyacanthus, Abudefduf bengalensis (Pomacentridae), and Caesio cuning (Caesionidae) were collected before and immediately after the coral spawning to determine whether the composition of the diet changed after the mass coral spawning. The diet of Caesio cuning did not change. The stomach contents of Acanthochromis and Abudefduf showed that these fish: (1) switched from an omnivorous diet to one consisting predominantly of coral spawn, and (2) that they appeared satiated with stomachs 〉90% full when coral spawn was present in the water column. Fish predation during coral spawning may be an important source of larval coral mortality.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301646

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3

Digitale Medien

Phylogenetic systematics and biomecha cs in ecomorphology (1995)

Westneat, Mark W.

Springer

Environmental biology of fishes 44 (1995), S. 263-283

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ISSN: 1573-5133

Schlagwort(e): Comparative methods ; Character evolution ; Phylogenetic autocorrelation ; Independent contrasts ; Least squares parsimony ; Labridae ; Feeding ; Ecology ; Functional morphology

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Synopsis Research in all fields of biology increasingly uses phylogenetic systematics to interpret biological data in an evolutionary context. It is becoming widely accepted that comparative studies of the correlation of biological features, such as ecomorphological studies, must frame their analyses within the context of a phylogenetic hierarchy rather than treating each taxonomic unit as an independent replicate. Recent methods for the interpretation of ecological and functional data in the framework of a phylogeny can reveal the degree to which ecomorphological characters are correlated with one another, and are congruent with hierarchical cladistic groups. An example of the ecomorphology of labrid fishes is used here to illustrate the application of several of these methods. The structural design and mechanics of the jaws of labrids are tested for ecomorphological associations with the natural diets of these fishes. Methods for analysis of the correlated evolution of both discrete and continuous quantitative characters within a phylogeny are practiced on a single ecomorphological data set. Techniques used include character coding, character mapping, phylogenetic autocorrelation, independent contrasts, and squared change parsimony. These approaches to diverse biological data allow the study of ecomorphology to account for patterns of phylogenetic ancestry. Biomechanics or functional morphology also plays a vital role in the determination of ecomorphological relationships by clarifying the mechanisms by which morphologies can perform behaviors important to the organism's ecology. The synthesis of systematics with biomechanics is an example of interdisciplinary study in which information exchange can elucidate patterns of evolution in ecomorphology.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005920

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4

Digitale Medien

The horizontal septum: Mechanisms of force transfer in locomotion of scombrid fishes (Scombridae, Perciformes) (1993)

Westneat, Mark W. ; Hoese, William ; Pell, Charles A. ; [weitere]

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 183-204

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: We describe the complex shapes of myomeres and myosepta in the mackerels and tunas (Scombridae: Teleostei), and we reveal the orientation of two major systems of collagen fibers in myosepta and horizontal septa with respect to points of attachment to skeleton and skin. Our goal is to identify the likely pathways of the transmission of muscle forces during locomotion. Our primary conclusions are (1) that the collagen fibers of myosepta, horizontal septa, and skin are the organs that transfer locomotor forces from the contraction of myomeres to the backbone and caudal fin during locomotion, and (2) that locomotor muscle pulls against a three-dimensional structure of tendons, septa, and skin that is kept in tension by the radial expansion of the contracting muscle. The main horizontal septum is formed by the convergence of myosepta and is likely to be the major transmitter of muscle force to the axial skeleton. The geometry of the myomeres, the position of red muscle, and particularly the geometric conformation of crossed-fiber arrays of collagen in the main horizontal septum suggest specific mechanisms for the transfer of muscle force to the backbone among scombrid fishes. Morphometrics and the construction of physical models help us to identify musculoskeletal mechanisms of locomotion, and we present two quantitative models of locomotor mechanics in fishes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052170207

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5

Digitale Medien

Feeding mechanics of teleost fishes (Labridae; Perciformes): A test of four-bar linkage models (1990)

Westneat, Mark W.

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 205 (1990), S. 269-295

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: The feeding mechanisms of two labrid fishes (Cheilinus chlorurus and C. diagrammus: Labridae: Perciformes) are modeled using four-bar linkage theory from mechanical engineering. The actions of the feeding mechanisms are simulated by a computer program that uses morphometric data to calculate the geometry of mechanism structure. The predictions of three different four-bar linkages regarding the kinematics of feeding are compared to the movements observed through hign speed (200 fps) cinematography. A previously unidentified four-bar chain was found to be an accurate model of the mechanism by which upper jaw protrusion, maxillary rotation, and gape increase occur in Cheilinus. This mechanism involves the anterior jaws including the mandible, maxilla, premaxilla, palatine, and suspensorium. The accuracy of two previously described four-bar linkages was also tested by comparison of model predictions and film results. The opercular linkage proposed by Anker ('74) as a mechanism of jaw depression via opercular levation was found to be a poor predictor of feeding movements. This four-bar chain involves the opercle, suspensorium, interopercle, and mandible. Muller ('87) proposed a mechanism of hyoid depression involving cranial elevation due to epaxial muscle contraction as input motion The links in this mechanism include the neurocranium and hyomandibula, hyoid, sternohyoideus muscle, and pectoral girdle. This model was an accurate predictor of hyoid depression in Cheilinus when simultaneous cranial elevation and sternohyoideus contraction were simulated. Quantitative kinematic models involve simplifying assumptions when applied to complex musculoskeletal systems, but such models have a wide range of applications to vertebrate functional morphology.

Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052050304

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6

Digitale Medien

Feeding mechanism of Epibulus insidiator (Labridae; Teleostei): Evolution of a novel functional system (1989)

Westneat, Mark W. ; Wainwright, Peter C.

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 202 (1989), S. 129-150

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: The feeding mechanism of Epibulus insidiator is unique among fishes, exhibiting the highest degree of jaw protrusion ever described (65% of head length). The functional morphology of the jaw mechanism in Epibulus is analyzed as a case study in the evolution of novel functional systems. The feeding mechanism appears to be driven by unspecialized muscle activity patterns and input forces, that combine with drastically changed bone and ligament morphology to produce extreme jaw protrusion. The primary derived osteological features are the form of the quadrate, interopercle, and elongate premaxilla and lower jaw. Epibulus has a unique vomero-interopercular ligament and enlarged interoperculo-mandibular and premaxilla-maxilla ligaments. The structures of the opercle, maxilla, and much of the neurocranium retain a primitive labrid condition. Many cranial muscles in Epibulus also retain a primitive structural condition, including the levator operculi, expaxialis, sternohyoideus, and adductor mandibulae. The generalized perciform suction feeding pattern of simultaneous peak cranial elevation, gape, and jaw protrusion followed by hyoid depression is retained in Epibulus. Electromyography and high-speed cinematography indicate that patterns of muscle activity during feeding and the kinematic movements of opercular rotation and cranial elevation produce a primitive pattern of force and motion input. Extreme jaw protrusion is produced from this primitive input pattern by several derived kinematic patterns of modified bones and ligaments. The interopercle, quadrate, and maxilla rotate through angles of about 100 degrees, pushing the lower jaw into a protruded position. Analysis of primitive and derived characters at multiple levels of structural and functional organization allows conclusions about the level of design at which change has occurred to produce functional novelties.

Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052020202

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7

Unbekannt

Mechanosensation is evolutionarily tuned to locomotor mechanics (2017)

Aiello, Brett R. ; Westneat, Mark W. ; Hale, Melina E.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2017; 114(17): 4459-4464. Published 2017 Apr 10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616839114.

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-10

Beschreibung: The biomechanics of animal limbs has evolved to meet the functional demands for movement associated with different behaviors and environments. Effective movement relies not only on limb mechanics but also on appropriate mechanosensory feedback. By comparing sensory ability and mechanics within a phylogenetic framework, we show that peripheral mechanosensation has evolved with limb biomechanics, evolutionarily tuning the neuromechanical system to its functional demands. We examined sensory physiology and mechanics of the pectoral fins, forelimb homologs, in the fish family Labridae. Labrid fishes exhibit extraordinary morphological and behavioral diversity and use pectoral fin-based propulsion with fins ranging in shape from high aspect ratio (AR) wing-like fins to low AR paddle-like fins. Phylogenetic character analysis demonstrates that high AR fins evolved independently multiple times in this group. Four pairs of species were examined; each included a plesiomorphic low AR and a high AR species. Within each species pair, the high AR species demonstrated significantly stiffer fin rays in comparison with the low AR species. Afferent sensory nerve activity was recorded during fin ray bending. In all cases, afferents of stiffer fins were more sensitive at lower displacement amplitudes, demonstrating mechanosensory tuning to fin mechanics and a consistent pattern of correlated evolution. We suggest that these data provide a clear example of parallel evolution in a complex neuromechanical system, with a strong link between multiple phenotypic characters: pectoral fin shape, swimming behavior, fin ray stiffness, and mechanosensory sensitivity.

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft