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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dynamic nature of plant-available manganese during storage of a calcareous soil (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Barley ; Wheat ; Manganese ; Availability ; Microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of length of dry storage period and subsequent moist incubation on the availability of Mn was examined in a calcareous soil. Increasing the time of dry storage (for up to 4 years) generally increased the availability of Mn as determined by plant growth and Mn concentration in wheat and barley. Moist incubation of stored soil had variable effects on Mn availability depending on how long the soil had been stored before use and on the method used to assess Mn availability. When assessed by Mn concentration in plant tissues, increasing the moist incubation time (from 0 to 30 days) of soil stored dry for 4 years increased Mn availability in soil initially and thereafter decreased it. However, incubation time had little effect on Mn availability in soil stored for only 1 year or soil used fresh from the field. When Mn availability was assessed using a chemical extractant (DTPA; diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), both soils showed an initial increase in Mn availability immediately on wetting. However, Mn availability in the soil stored for only 1 year decreased rapidly and remained consistently below that of soil stored for 4 years. In the latter soil, Mn availability also decreased but only after a few days. Microbial studies indicated that there was a decrease in the ratio of Mn oxidising to Mn reducing microorganisms with increasing storage time. Inoculation of one soil with another suggested that the factor responsible for the low Mn availability in soils stored for a short period could be transferred to soils stored for a longer period. These results suggest that the change in Mn availability in a calcareous soil with dry storage is a result of changes in microbial populations that cannot be fully restored by moist incubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336281
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pot size affects expression of Mn efficiency in barley (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; genotype ; Mn concentration ; Mn efficiency ; pot size ; screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mn efficiency is defined here as an ability of a genotype to grow and yield well in a soil which is limiting in available Mn for a standard genotype (Graham, 1984). Screening for Mn efficiency in soil-based pot testing had been producing inconsistent results, and thus improvement of pot screening became an objective. One possible factor, pot size was examined as the cause, using two sizes of pot. In large pots, the expectation of higher dry matter and shoot Mn concentration in a Mn-efficient genotype compared to a Mn-inefficient genotype was realised over a wide range of Mn supply, whereas in small pots, the genotypic differences were expressed at only one, low rate of Mn supply (10 mg kg soil-1). Plants in the small pots strongly responded to root restriction by decreasing yields and increasing root/shoot ratios and Mn concentrations of shoots. The critical value of Mn concentration for shoot growth was not affected by the small pots, but the Mn mobilization by plants might be affected in the small pots. The practical outcome of these results is that using an adequate size of pot and measuring the Mn concentration of shoots, soil-based pot screening for Mn efficiency can be improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011584
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth response of four tropical plantation timber species to increasing phosphorus supply and assessment of phosphorus requirements using foliar analysis (2000)
    Springer
    New forests 20 (2000), S. 193-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Agathis ; cabinet-timber ; Castanospermum ; Cedrela ; Flindersia ; mineral nutrition ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An understanding of the comparative nutritionalrequirements of important timber species isfundamental in the development of sustainable systemsfor the production of wood from plantations on manyinfertile, highly weathered soils in the humidtropics. We established a field experiment comparingthe responses of four highly-valued cabinet timberspecies (Cedrela odorata, Agathis robusta,Flindersia brayleyana and Castanospermumaustrale) to phosphate fertiliser on a soil very lowin chemically extractable phosphorus (4 mg P/kg soil). Similar soils derived from Palaeozoic metasedimentsare widespread throughout the humid tropics ofnorthern Australia, south-east Asia and thesouth-western Pacific, and are typical of those onmany sites available for plantation forestry in theregion. Phosphorus fertiliser treatments (rangingfrom 0 to 300 g P/tree) were applied soon afterplanting to all four species, as was a basalfertiliser dressing supplying adequate levels of allother mineral nutrients. Two species (F.brayleyana and C. australe) maintained goodgrowth even without additional P and showed little orno response in growth or foliar P concentration toincreased P supply. The other two species (C.odorata and A. robusta) responded strongly inboth growth and foliar P concentration to increasingP supply. In these responsive species, chemicalanalysis of foliage at 17 months after planting wasshown to have potential diagnostic and prognosticvalue. Phosphorus concentrations less than 0.30% drymatter (DM) in the petiole plus rachis of young matureleaves of C. odorata, and less than 0.19% DM inthe distal needle leaves of A. robusta, wereassociated with diminished growth of these two speciesboth at the time of sampling and 21 months later. Theresults indicate that there are significantdifferences in the ability of tropical tree species toacquire and use phosphorus, and consequently thatsimple prescriptive applications of phosphorusfertiliser to young plantations, irrespective of soiltype or tree species, are often inefficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006756105284
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incorporation of slow-release fertilisers into nursery media (1999)
    Springer
    New forests 18 (1999), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Acacia ; coir ; forest nursery ; Gmelina ; Solomon Islands ; tree nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field application of fertilisers is frequently ineffective in supplying limiting nutrients during establishment of plantation trees in highly weathered soils in the humid tropics. An alternative strategy for more effective delivery of nutrients to establishing trees was investigated in a field experiment on Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands. Under routine operational nursery conditions, cuttings of Gmelina arborea and seeds of Acacia mangium were planted into a coir (composted coconut husks) potting medium to which a range of rates of slow-release fertilisers had been applied. The growth performance of this nursery stock was then measured during the first 14 months following planting in the field. Incorporation of slow release fertilisers into the nursery medium significantly improved the growth of both species in the field, with more than 100% increases in volume index associated with the highest rates of slow release fertiliser application. This strong nutrient response during tree establishment was in sharp contrast to the absence of any effect from much higher rates of surface applied fertilisers that had been observed in previous field experiments on this same soil type. The placement of the slow release fertilisers within the immediate proximity of roots of the establishing trees, and the subsequent effects of this in increasing their abilities to compete with regrowth vegetation for site nutrient resources probably accounted for the high effectiveness of this fertiliser strategy in enhancing tree growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006693308681
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An inverse correlation between plant Zn concentration and the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot, described in an earlier paper, was examined in two experiments in a growth chamber. In the first experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Songlen) was planted in a Zn deficient soil with and without added Zn, and combined factorially with different inoculum densities of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8. When Zn was added, the percentage of seminal roots infected with R. solani was significantly lower compared to the treatments without added Zn, showing that low Zn potentiated the disease. A subsequent factorial experiment of four inoculum densities and six Zn levels, (0, 0.01, 0.04, 0.1, 0.4 and 6.0 mg Zn kg−1 soil) was conducted to investigate the Zn effect in more detail. Disease severity was markedly decreased by the higher Zn applications; the disease score dropped sharply between treatments of Zn0.04 and Zn0.1, a difference which was reflected in the plant yield response to Zn. For both experiments the Zn concentrations in shoots were significantly different only among Zn treatments, not among the inoculum treatments. This indicated that inoculum density or disease severity did not reduce Zn concentration in the plant. Thus, disease did not exaggerate Zn deficiency, but rather, Zn sufficiency suppressed disease severity. A potentiating link between Zn nutrition and disease severity is thereby established, although this type of experiment did not indicate the mechanism of the Zn effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012994
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multichannel pH controller for solution culture systems (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 501-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: computer ; control ; monitoring ; pH ; solution culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A multichannelled, computer-controlled system has been developed for maintaining near-constant pH in nutrient solutions. This system will monitor, record and individually maintain pH in up to seven solutions continuously. All components except the software and pump controller were available commercially. In an experiment for which the system was developed, in which six individual solutions were controlled for 20 days, the pH was generally maintained within 0.1 pH unit of the set value. Drift outside this range was generally due to addition of nutrients required to maintain adequate levels. Such drifts were quickly and automatically corrected. This equipment has been subsequently used in several experiments in which it was imperative to maintain pH at a constant level in several solutions simultaneously with actively growing plants over a long period of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025093
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pH on Mn absorption by barley genotypes in a chelate-buffered nutrient solution (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: absorption ; barley ; chelate ; genotype ; HEDTA ; MES ; Mn ; pH ; Tris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new chelate-buffering technique was used to investigate the effect of pH (6.00, 6.85 and 7.70) on manganese (Mn) absorption from nutrient solution by three genotypes of barley plants differeing in Mn efficiency. The nutrient composition was adjusted such that the calculated activities of Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ were similar in each pH, thus eliminating any effect of the pH treatment on Mn2+ supply. Increasing pH from 6.00 to 7.70 increased the rate of Mn absorption and decreased the external Mn requirement for optimal growth rate. With increasing pH, Mn concentrations in roots rose markedly, and were higher than those in shoots at pH 7.70. Genotypic differences in Mn concentration of roots appeared only at higher pH. We suggest that higher Mn concentration in roots of inefficient plants may be related to Mn immobilisation in roots, and this may be a factor in the mechanism of Mn efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025077
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further evidence that zinc is required throughout the root zone for optimal plant growth and development (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deficiency ; efficiency ; genotypic variation ; sub-soil ; water use ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of variable Zn supply with depth in a soil profile was examined in two wheat genotypes differing in their Zn efficiency. ‘Gatcher’ (Zn-inefficient) and ‘Excalibur’ (Zn-efficient) were grown in a low Zn soil in pots with two treatment zones. The upper zone (10 cm) was supplied with Zn while Zn was either supplied or withheld from the lower zone (25 cm). In both genotypes, withholding Zn from the lower zone had no effect on root growth in either the upper or lower zones; neither did it affect plant appearance prior to booting. However, withholding Zn from the lower zone delayed head emergence in Gatcher by some 10 d and depressed grain yield by 20%. In Excalibur, Zn treatment had no effect on head emergence or grain yield. In Gatcher, withholding Zn from the lower zone depressed water usage by 12% during a 60 d period preceding maturity. No effect of Zn treatment on water usage was seen in Excalibur. Tissue Zn concentrations closely reflected the lower zone Zn treatments in both genotypes. Irrespective of the Zn treatment, Excalibur had higher Zn concentrations in flag leaves but lower concentrations in grain than Gatcher. In whole shoots, genotypic differences in Zn concentration only occurred when Zn was added to the lower zone; Excalibur having almost twice that of Gatcher. Clearly, if Zn is not supplied to the entire root system there is the potential for impaired root function and plant development, and for reduced grain yield. Approaches to managing this problem are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013021
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The severity of a root rot disease of cereals, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG8, was inversely correlated to the Zn status of plants in field studies in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, a preliminary survey was conducted in a farmer's field in South Australia where Zn deficiency and disease were both widespread. Zn concentration in ‘Spear’ wheat plants at the 3-leaf to early tillering stage was negatively correlated with severity of the disease. For the elevent elements analysed, a correlation matrix showed that Zn had the highest, and only significant (R2=0.52**) association with disease. The effect of Zn applications and their residual value on disease severity was further studied in a long-term field experiment in 1989 and 1990 to which Zn had been applied in 1986. There was a decrease in the area of Rhizoctonia bare patch as Zn rate was increased, a result consistent with the field survey results; the recommended rate of 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 reduced the area affected by bare patch from 42% to 21% of the total crop area compared with no Zn application, overcame Zn deficiency and increased grain yield from 1.1 to 2.8 t ha−1. In 1990, fresh Zn application treatments were applied to trial plots designed for this purpose, in order to compare the response with the older Zn treatments applied in 1986. The areas of bare patch in the older Zn treatments were approximately 5% greater than those in the fresh Zn treatments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that Zn deficient plants are more susceptible to root rot caused by R. solani. Testing this hypothesis is the subject of a companion paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012993
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boron efficiency in oilseed rape: II. Development of a rapid lab-based screening technique (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; efficiency ; genotypic variation ; micronutrient ; oilseed rape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The level of genotypic variation in tolerance to low boron (B) supply was investigated in solution culture grown, 10 day old (D10) oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) plants, by using a rapid screening technique whereby root length, root elongation rate and total root dry weight were used to indicate plant response to B. Root length proved more reliable in determining genotype responses, and was used to characterise a total of 61 genotypes, of which Huashuang 2, Nangchang rape, Huashuang 1 and Zhongyou 821, and to a lesser extent, Zheyou 2, Dunkeld, Xinza 2, Nangjin 2051, 92-58, 92-13, and Awassa 115 exhibited some form of tolerance to low B supply. The genotypic rankings based on this early vegetative response corroborated with field based B-efficiency. The results demonstrate the expression of the B-efficiency mechanism in the early vegetative stages of plant growth, and establish the value of root length as a selection criterion for B-efficiency in oilseed rape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595012326
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