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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (1987), S. 104-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: 15N partitioning ; Herbivory ; Grass ; Schizachyrium scoparium ; Nitrogen allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen partitioning among three generations of tillers within the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium var. frequens was investigated in a controlled environment as a potential mechanism of herbivory tolerance. Nitrogen-15 was transported from the labelled primary tiller generation to both shoots and roots of nondefoliated secondary and tertiary tiller generations within 24 h. Partial defoliation increased shoot nitrogen concentration of secondary and tertiary generation tillers by 110 and 120%, respectively, 24 h following defoliation. Shoot nitrogen concentration was preferentially increased by partial defoliation of tertiary generation tillers throughout the 120 h experimental period, but diminished to concentrations comparable to nondefoliated tillers within shoots of the secondary generation at 72 h. In contrast to nitrogen concentration, the total amount of nitrogen imported by secondary and tertiary generation tillers decreased 62 and 73%, respectively, 24 h following partial defoliation and did not attain values comparable to respective nondefoliated tillers. Consequently, preferential nitrogen concentration occurred in response to partial tiller defoliation without an increase in total nitrogen import based on the reduction in the total nitrogen requirement per tiller generation associated with defoliation. Estimates of both the total amount of nitrogen import and nitrogen concentration are necessary to accurately interpret the dynamics of intertiller nitrogen allocation.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 45-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Trifolium ; Population density ; Soil acidity ; Liming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Clovers are widely used forage legumes on acidic soils in Texas and need inoculation with appropriate rhizobia when first introduced. Acidic soils are not conducive to survival of clover rhizobia. A survey of pastures was undertaken to determine the number of rhizobia present. The effect of liming acidic soils on the survival of clover rhizobia was also evaluated in the laboratory. The number of clover rhizobia was more than 100 cells g-1 soil in 70% of the pastures surveyed but populations within pastures varied by more than two orders of magnitude. The number of years of clover production beyond 1 year did not affect the rhizobial population density. The soil pH of twelve samples was below 5.0 and six samples had populations of rhizobial lower than 100 g-1 soil. Eleven out of sixteen samples from fields that had grown clover and had pH values above 6.0 had populations exceeding 1000 g-1 soil and only three samples had populations lower than 100 g-1 soil. Incubating indigenous or inoculated rhizobia in well-mixed soils having pH values of 5.1 or below resulted in populations declining to below 10 g-1 soil in 6 weeks. Mixing of soils with pH values of up to 5.4 induced reduction of rhizobial numbers, possibly by destroying microsites. Liming of soils to increase pH values above 5.5 improved survival of native or inoculated rhizobia in most cases.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Clover ; Inoculation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobia ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii indicate a need for inoculating clovers (Trifolium sp.) at planting. The number of rhizobia in soil varies considerably from field to field and the number needed for nodulation on the upper taproot and for vigorous seedling development is not known. Two experiments were undertaken using arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi) and crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.) grown in pots filled with soil. Two soils were used; one contained 10 indigenous rhizobia g-1 and the other contained fewer than three. The treatments consisted of amending each soil with two strains of inoculant rhizobia to contain from 10 to approximately 1×106 rhizobia g-1 followed by planting to clover. The number of nodules near the top of the root increased as the number of rhizobia in the soil increased to the highest inoculum level. A low number (approximately 1×103 to 1×104) of rhizobia was sufficient for maximal N content of seedlings. It seems that soil containing 100 or fewer rhizobia g-1 may respond to inoculation with increased crown nodulation and seedling vigor.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1985), S. 311-318 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Survie dans le sol de Rhizobium trifoliiaprès inoculation de trèfle sagittaire Le trèfle sagittaire (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) est une légumineuse annuelle fourragère cultivée dans le Sud-Est des USA à une période de l'année où les conditions de température et d'humidité peuvent ne pas convenir à la survie de rhizobiums inoculés. La survie de deux souches de rhizobiums résistants aux antibiotiques sur des graines ou sur des particules de quartz a été evaluóe au laboratoire, dans des conditions contrôlées. A 30°C et r.h. 75%, l'enrobage dans la chaux des graines inoculées, le pH du sol (4, 2 et 6, 7) et le semis, soit en surface, soit recouvert, ne modifient pas significativement (P = 0,05) la survie des deux souches de rhizobiums. L'emploi de gomme arabique comme adhésif de l'inoculum assure une meilleure survie des rhizobiums que le saccharose ou l'eau. Mais, même avec la gomme arabique, la population de la souche 162Y10 décroit en six jours de 10,000 à moins de dix cellules par graine. La survie de la souche 162Y15 semble meilleure: 200 cellules survivantes par graine au bout de six jours. Lorsque les graines inoculées sont incubées à 45°C, le pH du sol, la méthode de semis, l'enrobage de la graine dans la chaux et le r.h. (75 et 100%) n'ont pas d'influence sur la survie des rhizobiums. La gomme arabique améliore la survie mieux que le saccharose, mais trés faiblement. Après deux jours d'incubation, on ne trouve plus de rhizobiums viables. Un r.h. élevé (100%) et une température de 30°C améliorent la survie et la croissance des deux souches de rhizobiums lorsque celles-ci sont inoculées sur des particules de quartz ou mélangées au sol à pH 4, 2. L'enrobage par la chaux des particules de quartz inoculées accroit la survie des rhizobiums dans ces conditions, mais le saccharose et la gomme arabique sont aussi efficaces somme agents d'adhésion de l'inoculum.
    Abstract: Resumen Supervivencia de Rhizobium trifoliien el suelo después de la inoculación de trébol El trébol en punta de flecha ‘arrowleaf’ (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) es una leguminosa de forraje anual que se siembra en el S.E. de EUA en un periodo en el cual las condiciones de humedad y temperatura no suelen ser las adecuadas para la supervivencia de inóculo deRhizobium. La supervivencia en semillas o partículas de cuarzo de dos cepas deRhizobium resistentes a antibiôticos se evaluó bajo condiciones controladas en laboratorio. A 30°C y 75% de humedad relativa, ni el recubrimiento con cal de la semilla inoculada, ni la profundidad de la siembra (en superficie o no) ni el pH del suelo (4.2 y 6.7) alteraron significativamente la supervivencia de las dos cepas estudiadas. El uso de goma arábiga como adhesivo para el inóculo comparado con el uso de sucrosa o agua mejoró la supervivencia delRhizobium. Sin embargo incluso con el tratamiento con goma arábiga la población de la cepa 162Y10 declinó desde 10000/semilla hasta valores inferiores a 10/semilla en seis días. La cepa 162Y15 pareció tener mejor supervivencia y 200Rhizobium por semilla sobrevivieron a los seis días. Cuando las semillas inoculadas se incubaron a 45°C, el pH del suelo, el encalado de la semilla y la humedad relativa (75 y 100%) no influenciaron la supervivencia deRhizobium. El uso de goma arábiga mejoró relativamente la supervivencia aunque esta fue pobre de todos modos. No se detectaronRhizobium viables después de un periodo de incubación de dos días. Una elevada humedad relativa (100%) y una temperatura de 30°C favorecieron la supervivencia de ambas cepas cuando estas se inocularon en particulas de cuarzo, las cuales se situaron o, alternativamente, se mezclaron con suelo a pH 4.2. El recubrimiento con cal de las particulas de cuarzo inoculadas favoreció el crecimiento deRhizobium annque tanto sucrosa como goma arábiga fueron igualmente efectivos como adhesivos para el inóculo.
    Notes: Summary Arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) is an annual forage legume that is sown in south-eastern USA when temperature and moisture conditions may not be suitable for survival of inoculant rhizobia. Survival of two antibiotic-resistant strains of rhizobia on seed or quartz particles was evaluated under controlled conditions in the laboratory. At 30°C and 75% r.h., lime coating of inoculated seed, soil pH (4.2 and 6.7), and surface or subsurface sowing of inoculated seed did not significantly (P = 0.05) affect the survival of either rhizobial strain. The use of gum arabic as an inoculant adhesive resulted in better rhizobial survival than sucrose or water, but even with gum arabic treatment the population of strain 162Y10 declined fromc. 10,000/seed to less than ten/seed in six days. Survival of strain 162Y15 appeared better andc. 200 rhizobia/seed survived for six days. When inoculated seed were incubated at 45°C, soil pH, method of sowing, lime coating of the seed, and r.h. (75% and 100%) did not influence rhizobial survival. The gum arabic adhesive enhanced survival over the use of sucrose but survival was still poor. No viable rhizobia were detected after two days of incubation. High r.h. (100%) and 30°C favoured survival and growth of both rhizobial strains when inoculated onto quartz particles placed on, or mixed into, soil at pH 4.2. Coating inoculated quartz particles with lime increased the growth of rhizobia under these conditions, but sucrose and gum arabic were equally effective as inoculant adhesives.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arachis ; Bradyrhizobium ; heat-shock proteins ; nitrogen fixation ; peanut ; root temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three strains of Bradyrhizobium, 280A, 2209A and 32H1, that nodulated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), were tested for their ability to grow and survive at elevated temperatures of up to 42°C in laboratory culture. Strain 32H1 was unable to grow at 37°C and was more sensitive to elevated temperatures than the other two strains. All three produced heat-shock proteins of molecular weights 17 kDa and 18 kDa. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of high root temperature on nodulation, growth and nitrogen fixation of peanut. Two peanut varieties (Virginia cv NC7 and Spanish cv Pronto) were inoculated and exposed to root temperatures of 30°, 37° and 40°C. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation were strongly affected by root temperature but there was no variety × temperature interaction. At a constant 40°C root temperature no nodules were formed. Nodules were formed when roots were exposed to this temperature with diurnal cycling but no nitrogen fixation occurred. Highest plant dry weight, shoot nitrogen content and total nitrogen were observed at a constant root temperature of 30°C. Increasing root temperature to 37°C reduced average nitrogen content by 37% and total nitrogen by 49% but did not reduce nodulation. The symbiotic performance of the strains corresponded to their abilities to grow and survive at high temperature in culture.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 36 (1972), S. 219-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary MPN (most-probable-number) counts of rhizobia by using legumes grown in plastic pouches were essentially equal to pour-plate counts. By using plastic pouches, 60 growth units could be placed in 684 cm2 of bench space, and only 20 minutes were required to prepare and seed 60 plastic pouches for inoculations.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 353-354 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cowpea ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrate ; partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract If the quality and quantity of yields from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) are to be maximised, a complete understanding of the N nutrition of the plant must be achieved. The N requirement for developing pods of this species may come from mobilization of N in vegetative tissue, biological N fixation and uptake of N from soil. In this study, the fate of a pulse of fixed 15N2 or of 15NO3-given to different cowpea plants during pod development was determined. The plants were grown in vermiculite in plastic pots that were able to be sealed with silicone adhesive and equipped with a rubber septum so that 15N2 gas could be injected into the air space above the vermiculite, and gas losses would be eliminated. Nineteen days after injection of 15N2 the pods, leaves, nodules and roots contained 65%, 15%, 9%, and 4%, respectively of the quantity of 15N2 fixed. When 15NO3-15N was taken up by other plants during this period, these plant parts contained 40%, 26%, 3% and 19%, respectively, of the total plant 15N. The percentage 15N in roots was greater, and that of 15N in nodules was lower, when 15NO3-15N was applied than when 15N2 was utilised by plants. These results indicate that, while a high percentage of fixed-N or NO3-N given to cowpea plants moved to the developing pods, other sinks were competing for this newly-aquired N.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cowpea ; green manure ; growth stage ; N mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L). Walp.] has great potential as green manure due to its rapid N accumulation and efficient N2 fixation. The objective of this study was to measure the rate of N mineralization from cowpea plant parts harvested at onset of flowering (5 weeks) and mid pod-fill (7 weeks) under near optimum conditions. Cowpeas were grown in a greenhouse and supplied with 15NH4 15NO3 to isotopically label tissue. Cowpea leaves, stems, and roots were incorporated into a sandy soil (Psammentic Paleustalf) and net N mineralized was measured several times during a 10 week incubation. The amount of N accumulated in 7-week old cowpeas was more than double that in 5-week old cowpeas. The portion of N mineralized after 10 weeks was 24% for 5-week old cowpeas and 27% for 7-week old cowpeas. The rate of N mineralization from leaves and stems increased with plant age, but decreased for roots. The amount of N mineralized from 7-week old cowpeas was more than double (235%) that from 5-week old cowpeas due to greater N accumulation and a more rapid rate of N mineralization of the more mature cowpeas. The greatest amount of N was released from leaves, which amounted to 74 and 65% of total N mineralization from 5- and 7-week old cowpeas, respectively. The percentage of N mineralized by 10 weeks was linearly related to the tissue N concentration of the plant parts and to their C/N ratio. These relationships allow a quick estimation of the amount of N that would mineralize from cowpea residues incorporated into soil based on their N concentration or C/N ratio.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteroids ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium ; Siratro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Acetylene reduction activity and nitrogen accumulation in the plant top per unit nodule mass were compared among peanut, cowpea and siratro plants nodulated by six different strains of Rhizobium. Peanut was found to have several fold higher values than cowpea and siratro for both parameters for all strains of Rhizobium which nodulated it effectively, but the bacteroid content of the peanut nodules was similar to those of cowpea and siratro.
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