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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of long-spurred pheasants (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 343 (1990), S. 599-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] sir-von Schantz et aL recently reported1 that long-spurred male pheasants (Pha-sianus colchicus) survive better than short-spurred males, are preferred as mates by female pheasants, and that those females mating with long-spurred males produce more offspring. These results are of great ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343599b0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secondary sex ratio adjustment in red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) (1983)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 12 (1983), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) offspring sex ratios at hatch were determined for 97 clutches suffering no egg loss or infertility and produced an overall sex ratio of 1 male: 0.94 females. Offspring sex ratios varied seasonally, with early and late initiating females producing more female offspring and mid-season initiators producing more males. While this pattern is in keeping with the assumed pattern of seasonal resource abundance, the sex ratio biases seen were at best only slight. Using two measures of male quality, no support was found for the hypothesis that females should preferentially produce sons when mated to high quality males. The data did suggest, however, that females may reduce the variance in offspring sex ratios in larger harems. Some alternative interpretations are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296933
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition for territories in red-winged blackbirds: Is resource-holding potential realized? (1987)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 20 (1987), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In resource-defence mating systems we intutively expect that the most competitive males should win the best resources so that, in territorial species, male quality and territory quality will be highly correlated. In the “polygyny threshold model” (PTM) of mate choice this expectation has become an assumption. We performed a removal experiment using red-winged blackbirds to test the validity of this assumption. On the basis of two morphological and two behavioral indices of competitive ability we found only weak correlation between male competitive ability and territory quality. Factors potentially contributing to this result include habitat quality perception, site dominance, and site fidelity. However, both our experimental design and measurement of male competitive ability may have caused us to underestimate the real correlation between male quality and territory quality. Nevertheless, our results suggest that male quality is not perfectly correlated with territory quality as is assumed in the PTM. Therefore, male quality and territory quality should be treated independently when modelling mate choice in this and other territorial species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300683
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breeding synchrony and extra-pair mating in red-winged blackbirds (1997)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 40 (1997), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Synchrony  ;  Extra-pair mating  ;  Age  ;   Neighbors  ;  Red-winged blackbird
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using data from a 6-year paternity study of red-winged blackbirds, I tested the hypotheses that increased nesting synchrony should either promote extra-pair mating by increasing the advantage of extra-pair mating to females, or decrease extra-pair mating by constraining males from seeking extra-pair copulations. Contrary to these hypotheses, the occurrence of extra-pair paternity did not vary with nesting synchrony over the breeding season, or vary with the number of synchronous nests within territories or within marshes, or with nesting order on territories. However, for nearly all nests with extra-pair young, there were fewer females synchronous with that nest on the cuckolder's territory than on the territory of the cuckolded male. This “advantage” of a synchrony difference was less pronounced for older males that cuckolded younger males, particularly when the two males were not neighbors. Collectively, these results suggest that breeding synchrony affects extra-pair mating by affecting mate guarding, but that breeding synchrony alone can not be used to predict which females are more likely to engage in extra-pair mating, nor with which extra-pair males they will mate. Understanding why extra-pair mating by older males is less affected by breeding synchrony may explain much about both the proximate and ultimate causes of extra-pair mating in red-winged blackbirds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050328
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extra-pair paternity and the opportunity for sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird (Dendroica petechia) (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Extra-pair fertilisation ; Mating systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used multi-locus DNA fingerprinting to characterise the genetic mating system of the socially monogamous yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). Over 2 years there were no instances of brood parasitism, but 59% of families (n = 90) contained extrapair sired young and 37% of offspring (n = 355) were of extra-pair paternity. Most hypotheses for extra-pair mating in monogamous species assume a paternity benefit to extra-pair sires, and focus on the benefit(s) to females. However, the assumption of male benefit has been little tested. Among yellow warblers, known extra-pair sires were just as likely to be cuckolded as any male in the population, and there was at least one reciprocal exchange of extra-pair paternity. Nevertheless, among known extra-pair sires, the paternity gains from extra-pair paternity were, on average, greater than the losses in their own families. These results show there is a paternity benefit to certain males. However, the benefit is not absolute but relative and therefore more difficult to measure. The results also suggest that patterns of extra-pair fertilisation are not determined by female choice alone. Most confirmed extra-pair mates were territorial neighbours, but some resided as far as three territories apart, and greater spatial separation was implied in other cases. Thus, the opportunity for extra-pair mating is great. We estimate that as a result of extra-pair fertilisations, variance in male mating success is increased somewhere between 3-fold and 15-fold over that which would result from within-pair reproduction alone. These findings affirm the potential importance of extra-pair reproduction for sexual selection in monogamous species and they support earlier suggestions that extra-territorial forays by male yellow warblers are for the purpose of extra-pair mating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176715
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breeding synchrony and extra-pair mating in birds (1998)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 43 (1998), S. 217-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050484
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ideal dominance distributions: a test using red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) (1987)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 20 (1987), S. 43-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ideal dominance distribution model predicts that competition between individuals of a species for territories will result in socially dominant individuals acquiring territories in higher quality habitat than their subordinates. Although the dispersion and relative reproductive success of male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) across habitats in eastern Ontario appears to conform to the ideal dominance distribution model, data from a study of three captive groups comprised of males from both high (marsh) and low (upland field) quality habitats failed to support the prediction that males from marsh habitat are dominant to those from upland habitat. Contrary to the prediction males from uplands were generally dominant to males from marshes. We found a significant positive correlation between dominance and both increased epaulet size and increased body size. Controlling for these positive effects, upland males remained generally dominant to marsh males. Measurements of independent samples of males from both habitats indicated that the overall distribution of males does not conform to ideal dominance. We suggest that the strong between-year territory fidelity shown by male red-winged blackbirds and chance events when they initially acquire territories may contribute to this lack of conformity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292165
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple paternity in a wild population of northern water snakes, Nerodia sipedon (1992)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 30 (1992), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary For most animal species, a single mating is sufficient to fertilize all of a female's offspring. As a result, females do not usually increase their reproductive success with successive matings. However, multiple paternity has been discovered in many animal taxa. We demonstrate that the majority of female water snakes in a wild population mate with more than one male for each litter. Field observations indicated that a highly skewed operational sex ratio (3.6:1 M : F) during the breeding season, while not necessary for multiple paternity to occur, created ample opportunity for females to mate multiply. Protein electrophoretic analysis showed that at least 12 of 14 litters from naturally mated females had more than one father. Since male snakes can not force copulations, multiple matings seem likely to be the result of female choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166703
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    American robin nestlings compete by jockeying for position (1993)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 33 (1993), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We investigated whether nestling American robins (Turdus migratorius) were capable of influencing food distribution in their nests by perceiving that certain sectors of the nest received a relatively high proportion of feedings and positioning themselves accordingly. Feeding observations were obtained from videotape recordings taken at different stages of the nestling period. Parents generally arrived at a predictable location on the nest rim and allocated proportionally more food to nestlings in the central position. The degree of nestling movement was significantly positively correlated with variation in the predictability of parental arrival locations on the nest rim. Furthermore, nestlings moved more in broods suffering brood reduction. This suggests that when competition for food is intense and the location of parental arrival is predictable, nestlings respond by jockeying for access to the most favorable (i.e., central) position in the nest. We conclude that jockeying for position by nestlings can influence the pattern of food allocation by parents, and that hungry nestlings can improve their competitive standing against nestmates by moving to positions where parents are more likely to feed them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171661
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-taking by female ducks: intra- and interspecific tests of nest defense theory (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words: Life history theory – Parental investment – Predation risk – Waterfowl – Observer effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. We tested several predictions of nest defense theory by observing variation in flushing distance and probability of nest abandonment within and between six species of waterfowl. In these species, only the females incubate eggs and attend offspring. First, we examined whether flushing distance by females varied in relation to clutch size, stage of incubation, and time of season, after controlling for the number of visits made to nests by observers. Revisits by observers appeared to affect flushing distance by females for reasons unrelated to the relative value of the current clutch. We found that as incubation progressed, females allowed observers to approach more closely before flushing from the nest. In some species, females with larger clutches allowed closer approaches to nests before flushing which was also consistent with nest defense theory. In contrast, time of season (Julian date) did not relate to flushing distance for any species. When species were compared, we found that species with moderate to high yearly mortality and high reproductive output per breeding attempt (e.g., northern shoveler and blue-winged teal) were less likely to abandon nesting attempts and exhibited “ riskier ” behavior (remained at nests when approached closely by observers) than species that had lower yearly mortality (e.g., mallard). Our results show that flushing distance and patterns of nest abandonment by female ducks conform to several predictions of nest defense theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164178
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