ALBERT

Description: Feedback from outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) can affect the distribution and properties of the gaseous haloes of galaxies. We study the hydrodynamics and non-thermal emission from the forward outflow shock produced by an AGN-driven outflow. We consider a few possible profiles for the halo gas density, self-consistently constrained by the halo mass, redshift and the disc baryonic concentration of the galaxy. We show that the outflow velocity levels off at ~ 10 3 km s – 1 within the scale of the galaxy disc. Typically, the outflow can reach the virial radius around the time when the AGN shuts off. We show that the outflows are energy-driven, consistent with observations and recent theoretical findings. The outflow shock lights up the haloes of massive galaxies across a broad wavelength range. For Milky Way mass haloes, radio observations by the Jansky Very Large Array and the Square Kilometre Array and infrared/optical observations by the James Webb Space Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope can detect the emission signal of angular size ~8 arcsec from galaxies out to redshift z  ~ 5. Millimetre observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array are sensitive to non-thermal emission of angular size ~18 arcsec from galaxies at redshift z   1, while X-ray observations by Chandra , XMM–Newton and the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics are limited to local galaxies ( z   0.1) with an emission angular size of ~2 arcmin. Overall, the extended non-thermal emission provides a new way of probing the gaseous haloes of galaxies at high redshifts.

Description: Stars orbiting within 1 arcsec of the supermassive black hole in the Galactic Centre, Sgr A*, are notoriously difficult to detect due to obscuration by gas and dust. We show that some stars orbiting this region may be detectable via synchrotron emission. In such instances, a bow shock forms around the star and accelerates the electrons. We calculate that around the 10 GHz band (radio) and at 10 14  Hz (infrared) the luminosity of a star orbiting the black hole is comparable to the luminosity of Sgr A*. The strength of the synchrotron emission depends on a number of factors including the star's orbital velocity. Thus, the ideal time to observe the synchrotron flux is when the star is at pericentre. The star S2 will be ~0.015 arcsec from Sgr A* in 2018, and is an excellent target to test our predictions.

Description: A population of intermediate-mass black holes (BHs) is predicted to be freely floating in the Milky Way (MW) halo, due to gravitational wave recoil, ejection from triple BH systems, or tidal stripping in the dwarf galaxies that merged to make the MW. As these BHs traverse the gaseous MW disc, a bow shock forms, producing detectable radio synchrotron emission from accelerated electrons. We calculate the synchrotron flux to be ~0.01–10 mJy at GHz frequency, detectable by Jansky Very Large Array , and ~ 0.1-1 μJy in the infrared, detectable by Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope . The discovery of the floating BH population will provide insights on the formation and merger history of the MW as well as on the evolution of massive BHs in the early Universe.

Description: We present deep 3-GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations of the potentially recoiling black hole CID-42 in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field. This galaxy shows two optical nuclei in the Hubble Space Telescope /Advanced Camera for Surveys ( HST /ACS) image and a large velocity offset of 1300 km s –1 between the broad and narrow Hβ emission line although the spectrum is not spacially resolved (Civano et al. 2010 ). The new 3 GHz VLA data have a bandwidth of 2 GHz and to correctly interpret the flux densities imaging was done with two different methods: multiscale multifrequency (MSMF) synthesis and spectral windows (SPWs) stacking. The final resolutions and sensitivities of these maps are 0.7 arcsec with rms = 4.6 μJy beam –1 and 0.9 arcsec with rms = 4.8 μJy beam –1 , respectively. With a 7 detection, we find that the entire observed 3-GHz radio emission can be associated with the south-eastern component of CID-42, coincident with the detected X-ray emission. We use our 3 GHz data combined with other radio data from the literature ranging from 320 MHz to 9 GHz, which include the VLA, Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) data, to construct a radio synchrotron spectrum of CID-42. The radio spectrum suggests a type I unobscured radio-quiet flat-spectrum active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the south-eastern component which may be surrounded by a more extended region of old synchrotron electron population or shocks generated by the outflow from the supermassive black hole (SMBH). Our data are consistent with the recoiling black hole picture but cannot rule out the presence of an obscured and radio-quiet SMBH in the north-western component.

Description: We present deep 3-GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations of the potentially recoiling black hole CID-42 in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field. This galaxy shows two optical nuclei in the Hubble Space Telescope /Advanced Camera for Surveys ( HST /ACS) image and a large velocity offset of 1300 km s –1 between the broad and narrow Hβ emission line although the spectrum is not spacially resolved (Civano et al. 2010 ). The new 3 GHz VLA data have a bandwidth of 2 GHz and to correctly interpret the flux densities imaging was done with two different methods: multiscale multifrequency (MSMF) synthesis and spectral windows (SPWs) stacking. The final resolutions and sensitivities of these maps are 0.7 arcsec with rms = 4.6 μJy beam –1 and 0.9 arcsec with rms = 4.8 μJy beam –1 , respectively. With a 7 detection, we find that the entire observed 3-GHz radio emission can be associated with the south-eastern component of CID-42, coincident with the detected X-ray emission. We use our 3 GHz data combined with other radio data from the literature ranging from 320 MHz to 9 GHz, which include the VLA, Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) data, to construct a radio synchrotron spectrum of CID-42. The radio spectrum suggests a type I unobscured radio-quiet flat-spectrum active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the south-eastern component which may be surrounded by a more extended region of old synchrotron electron population or shocks generated by the outflow from the supermassive black hole (SMBH). Our data are consistent with the recoiling black hole picture but cannot rule out the presence of an obscured and radio-quiet SMBH in the north-western component.