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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of maintained depolarization of presynaptic neurons on inhibitory transmission in lobster neuropil (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 97 (1975), S. 215-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular microeleotrode recordings were obtained from somata of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons of each of four neuron pairs in the stomatogastric ganglion ofPanulirus argus. The microelectrodes were incorporated into a bridge circuit, permitting simultaneous recording and current passing. 2. The following cell pairs were investigated: I. Pyloric Dilator—Pyloric Neuron (PD-PY); II. Anterior Median—Gastric Neuron (AM—GM); III. Large BPSP—Lateral Cardiac or Posterior Gastro-pyloric (EX—LC/GP; IV. Large EPSP—Gastric Mill (EX—GM). The postsynaptic effects of current-induced variations in presynaptic membrane potential were studied in each neuron pair under a variety of experimental conditions. 2. In two cell pairs, the PD—PY and the AM—GM, action potentials initiated antidromically in the presynaptic element did not evoke postsynaptic potentials. If the postsynaptic neuron was simultaneously depolarized through the soma electrode postsynaptic potentials were observed. It is suggested that in the normal functioning of the ganglion local presynaptic depolarizations as well as spikes contribute to transmitter release. 2. In the EX—GM and the EX—LC/GM cell pairs, presynaptic depolarization that did not initiate action potentials nevertheless evoked postsynaptic inhibition and hyperpolarization for as long as the presynaptic current was maintained. Control experiments showed that presynaptic hyperpolarization had no postsynaptic effect. 2. The hyperpolarizing effect of presynaptic depolarization could be blocked by picrotoxin in parallel with blockade of other IPSPs in the ganglion. 2. The experimentally induced voltage changes in the presynaptic terminals are probably comparable to those resulting from synaptic input to the neuron. These experiments support the hypothesis that, in life, depolarization of presynaptic terminals that are subthreshold for action potentials may facilitate or evoke transmitter release. Such presynaptic, nonspike potentials may play a significant role in the modulation of synaptic transmission in neuropil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617544
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    Oral administration of pharmacologically active substances to squid : a methodological description (2010)
    Marine Biological Laboratory
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Marine Biological Laboratory, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of Marine Biological Laboratory for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 216 (2009): 1-6.
    Description: The squid giant synapse is a well-defined experimental preparation for the study of ligand-dependant synaptic transmission. Its large size gives direct experimental access to both presynaptic and postsynaptic junctional elements, allowing direct optical, biophysical, and electrophysiological analysis of depolarization-release coupling. However, this important model has not been utilized in pharmacological studies, other than those implementable acutely in the in vitro condition. A method is presented for oral administration of bioactive substances to living squid. Electrophysiological characterization and direct determination of drug absorption into the nervous system demonstrate the administration method described here to be appropriate for pharmacological research.
    Description: The studies were supported by National Institute of Health Grant NS13742 (to RLL and MS).
    Keywords: HPLC ; High performance liquid chromatography ; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    Noninvasive muscle activity imaging using magnetography (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-18
    Description: A spectroscopic paradigm has been developed that allows the magnetic field emissions generated by the electrical activity in the human body to be imaged in real time. The growing significance of imaging modalities in biology is evident by the almost exponential increase of their use in research, from the molecular to the ecological level. The method of analysis described here allows totally noninvasive imaging of muscular activity (heart, somatic musculature). Such imaging can be obtained without additional methodological steps such as the use of contrast media.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 4
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    Motor System Development Depends on Experience: A Microgravity Study of Rats (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Animals move about their environment by sensing their surroundings and making adjustments according to need. All animals take the force of gravity into account when the brain and spinal cord undertake the planning and execution of movements. To what extent must animals learn to factor in the force of gravity when making neural calculations about movement? Are animals born knowing how to respond to gravity, or must the young nervous system learn to enter gravity into the equation? To study this issue, young rats were reared in two different gravitational environments (the one-G of Earth and the microgravity of low Earth orbit) that necessitated two different types of motor operations (movements) for optimal behavior. We inquired whether those portions of the young nervous system involved in movement, the motor system, can adapt to different gravitational levels and, if so, the cellular basis for this phenomenon. We studied two groups of rats that had been raised for 16 days in microgravity (eight or 14 days old at launch) and compared their walking and righting (ability to go from upside down to upright) and brain structure to those of control rats that developed on Earth. Flight rats were easily distinguished from the age-matched ground control rats in terms of both motor function and central nervous system structure. Mature surface righting predominated in control rats on the day of landing (R+O), while immature righting predominated in the flight rats on landing day and 30 days after landing. Some of these changes appear to be permanent. Several conclusions can be drawn from these studies: (1) Many aspects of motor behavior are preprogrammed into the young nervous system. In addition, several aspects of motor behavior are acquired as a function of the interaction of the developing organism and the rearing environment; (2) Widespread neuroanatomical differences between one-G- and microgravity-reared rats indicate that there is a structural basis for the adaptation to the rearing environment. These observations provide support for the idea that an animal's motor system adapts for optimal function within the environment experienced during a critical period in early postnatal life.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: The Neurolab Spacelab Mission: Neuroscience Research in Space: Results from the STS-90, Neurolab Spacelab Mission; 95-103; NASA/SP-2003-535
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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