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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen consumption by eggs and larvae of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, in relation to development, salinity and temperature (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 35 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oxygen consumption rates during embryonic and the first 38 days of larval development of the striped mullet were measured at 24° C by differential respirometry. Measurements were obtained at the blastula, gastrula and four embryonic stages, and at the yolk-sac, preflexion, flexion and post-flexion larval stages.Oxygen uptake rates of eggs increased linearly from 0.024 μl O2 per egg h-1 (0·323 μl O2 mg-1 dry wt h-1) by blastulae to 0·177 μlO2 per egg h-1 (2·516 μlO2mg 1dry wth-1) by embryos prior to hatching. Respiration rates did not vary significantly among four salinities (20,25, 30, 35%0).Larval oxygen consumption increased in a curvilinear manner from 0·243 μl O2 per larva h-1 shortly after hatching to 18·880 μl O2 per larva h-1 on day 38. Oxygen consumption varied in direct proportion to dry weight. Mass-specific oxygen consumption rates of preflexion, flexion, and postflexion larvae did not change with age (10·838 μl O2 mg 1dry wt h-1).Larval oxygen consumption rates did not vary significantly among salinities 10–35%. Acute temperature increases elicited significant increases in oxygen consumption, these being relatively greater in yolk-sac larvae (Q10= 2·75) than in postflexion larvae (Q10= 1·40).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb02987.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold stress-induced changes in the aerobic heterotrophic gastrointestinal tract bacterial flora of red hybrid tilapia (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 50 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Fifteen juvenile red hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus×O. macrochir averaging 50 g body weight were cold-stressed by immersion in 18° C sea water; control fish (n= 15) were kept at the acclimation temperature of 26° C. Three fish from each group were killed 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after the start of the experiment. Gastrointestinal tracts were removed and dissected into the stomach, anterior gut and posterior gut regions. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were identified and enumerated relative to temperature, exposure time and gastrointestinal tract region. Gram negative genera included Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas and Vibrio; the latter three were predominant. Mean bacterial numbers and taxonomic composition of the microflora varied significantly (P〈0·05) in response to the three test variables. There were greater mean total bacterial numbers at 18 than at 26° C, due primarily to proliferation of Vibrio spp. Mean bacterial numbers after 24 h were greater than those at both the earlier and later sampling periods. Mean bacterial numbers in the stomach were less than those in the anterior and posterior gut, which were not significantly different. The relative abundance of Vibrio spp. was negatively correlated with that of Flavobacterium, which may have reflected competition between pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. Such stress-induced changes in the bacterial microflora may contribute to the onset of disease because several species of Vibrio are known primary or opportunistic fish pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01971.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of development, temperature and salinity on metabolism in eggs and yolk-sac larvae of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskål) (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 39 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oxygen uptake rates and yolk-inclusive dry weiGhts were measured during the egg and yolk-sac larval stages of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal). Oxygen uptake by eggs and yolk-sac larvae was measured to assess the effects of four salinities (20,25,30,35 ppt) at 28°C. The effects of three temperatures (23,28,33°C) on oxygen uptake by yolk-sac larvae were determined at a salinity of 35 ppt. Dry weights were measured throughout embryonic development at 28°C and the yolk-sac stage at 23.28 and 33°C.Oxygen uptake rates of eggs increased more than fivefold during embryogenesis (0.07±0.03 to 0.40 ± 03 μl O2 egg −1 h −1;blastula to prehatch stage). Larval oxygen uptake did not change with age but was affected by rearing temperature (0.33 ± 0.08, 0.44 ± 0.07 and 0.63 ± 0.13 μl O2 larva −1 h−1 at 23, 28 and 33°C, respectively; Q10= 1.93). Acute temperature changes from 28 to 33°C caused significant increases in oxygen uptake by embryos (Q 10= 1.69–3.58) and yolk-sac larvae (Q 10=2.55). Salinity did not affect metabolic rates.Dry weight of eggs incubated at 28°C decreased 13% from fertilization to hatching. Incubation temperatures from 23–33°C did not affect dry weights at hatching. Rearing temperatures significantly affected the rate of larval yolk absorption (Q 10= 2.25).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04346.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal snychrony and patterns in an exotic host-parasitoid community (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 196-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Braconidae ; Tephritidae ; Temporal ; Synchrony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied an imported host-parasitoid community in Hawaii, asking to what extent the species covaried in a systematic fashion even though all species were exotic to Hawaii, and occurred in an artificial agroecosystem (a commercial guava, Psidium guajava L., orchard). Using knock-down pyrethrin sprays we were able to accurately quantify numbers of the host, [oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] and its four major parasitoid species [Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), and Bi. vandenboschi (Fullaway)] at hourly intervals. We found that the parasitoids' activity and abundance was well correlated with the activity and abundance of their host, and that all four parasitoid species covaried in concert with one another. In fact, the magnitude of correlation between the different species in this system was greater than the correlation with temperature. This show clearly that an entirely exotic community, reassembled piecemeal as a result of biocontrol efforts, can end up with patterns of temporal covariation that are highly coincident. One other interesting result concerns the speed with which sprayed trees were recolonized by the fruit fly and its parasitoids. The time that it took each species to reach its mean density prior to removal by the first pyrethrin spray at 0600 hours varied. It took 2 h for female B. dorsalis to recolonize guava trees to pre-spray levels. It took 3 h for Bi. arisanus, 4 h for D. longicaudata, 7 h for Bi. vandenboschi and 14 h for P. incisi to reach pre-spray levels. The fact that Bi. arisanus recolonized vacant trees almost as rapidly as did the fruit fly pest suggest that there is little opportunity for the fruit fly to escape in space and time by “staying one step ahead of its enemies”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317147
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eddy-induced oscillations of the pycnocline affect the floristic composition and depth distribution of phytoplankton in the subtropical Pacific (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 116 (1993), S. 533-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the phytoplankton population caused by a wind-induced mesoscale eddy, first located off the Hawaiian chain on 29 August 1989, were examined from 6 to 12 September 1989. These cyclonic eddies produce upwelling of nutrient-rich water into the photic zone which may induce changes in the distribution of phytoplankton. The eddy affected the depth, magnitude and composition of the chlorophyll maximum. The eddy produced an upward shift in the distribution of phytoplankton, shoaling the chlorophyll maximum to 30 m. Pigment concentrations at the chlorophyll maximum were enriched up to 2.2 times inside the eddy. Outside the eddy, the upper mixed layer (UML, ≤50 m) was dominated by cyanobacteria whereas the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) was dominated by prochlorophytes, chlorophytes and chrysophytes. Inside the eddy, the UML showed an increase in deep water taxa but little change in cyanobacteria. The observed population changes probably resulted from increased growth rates and vertical transport of cells. Based on projections of the track of the eddy, we inferred that its trail created an area of enhanced chlorophyll that was not quickly consumed, and concluded that coupling between phytoplankton and grazers was weak. The presence of such cyclonic eddies may explain some of the variability in chlorophyll concentration found in the oligotrophic subtropical Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355471
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  • 6
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    Temporal snychrony and patterns in an exotic host-parasitoid community (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
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    Eddy-induced oscillations of the pycnocline affect the floristic composition and depth distribution of phytoplankton in the subtropical Pacific (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0025-3162
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1793
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
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    The effect of copper therapy on the growth rate and blood composition of young growing cattle (1981)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-01
    Description: SUMMARYA total of 187 animals (mainly Friesian dairy heifers) on nine farms in Wharfedale, Nidderdale, Calderdale and the Vale of York were weighed, condition scored and blood sampled on three occasions during the grazing season 1977. On each site, half of the animals each received two injections of a Cu preparation (200 mg Cu total), one in May and one in July. Herbage samples were taken in May, July and September.Despite the fact that many animals started the experiment with low blood total Cu concentrations, growth rates during the experimental period were all satisfactory (lowest mean value 0·70 kg/day) with a significant increase due to treatment being observed on only one site. The Cu treatment, however, had a significant effect on blood and plasma total Cu values with the treatment either increasing the level to normal in animals which had started with low values, or maintaining the value in animals starting with near normal concentrations. On certain sites, animals in the untreated group ended the experiment with very low blood and plasma total Cu values (0·02–0·03 mg/100 ml). To prevent the possibility of a Co deficiency on some sites interfering with the experiment, all animals received a Co bullet initially. Despite these, concentrations of vitamin B12 in serum samples taken during and at the end of the experiment were low by present interpretation. This suggests either that Co bullets were an ineffective treatment or that the present interpretation of serum vitamin B12 concentration in bovines is incorrect.The calculated concentrations of available Cu estimated from herbage analysis indicated that on most sites the value was below the optimum for the growing cattle under study. The results of the experiment suggest that even when blood Cu values and herbage available Cu values are low a growth response to Cu injections may not occur over the course of a grazing season.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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