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Root distribution and nitrate interception in eleven temperate forage grasses (2005)

Crush, J. R. ; Waller, J. E. ; Care, D. A.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Grass and forage science 60 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Agrostis capillaris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus willdenowii, Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, Phalaris aquatica, Phleum pratense, Schedonorus phoenix, and a ryegrass selected for high surface root mass, were grown in 1 m deep × 90 mm diameter tubes of sand. Tubes were irrigated with a low ionic-strength nutrient solution and 15N-labelled nitrate was leached down the tubes prior to harvest. Shoot weights, root weights in 10-cm depth increments, and shoot and root nitrogen concentrations were determined. Plants of L. multiflorum were the heaviest and plants of A. capillaris were the lightest. Root system shape was analysed by comparing the decay constant from an exponential model fitted to the proportion of root mass in 10-cm depth increments, and, also, by analysis of the proportion of root mass in the top 10 cm. Cynosurus cristatus was strongly surface-rooted and the perennial ryegrass, selected for high surface root mass, had more root mass between 0 and 10 cm than did the unselected perennial ryegrass cultivar. There were only small differences in root shape between the other grasses. There was a strong and positive correlation between plant dry weight and the proportion of the pulse of labelled nitrate that was intercepted. The variation in root system shape shown in this experiment had no effect on nitrate interception. Nitrate interception per unit root weight was significantly higher in A. capillaris than in the other grasses. Developing winter-active grasses that have finely divided root systems should contribute to pastures with better nitrate retention characteristics.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2005.00488.x

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Seasonal changes and the effects of fertiliser on some chemical, biochemical and microbiological characteristics of high-producing pastoral soil (1988)

Sarathchandra, S. U. ; Perrott, K. W. ; Boase, M. R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 328-335

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Carbon-dioxide production ; Climatic factors ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial nitrogen ; Mineral N flush ; Nitrogen mineralisation ; Pasture production ; Seasonal changes ; Water-soluble carbon

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary A 2-year study (1983–1984 to 1984–1985) was conducted to estimate temporal and seasonal changes and the effects of fertiliser on some soil chemical, biochemical and microbiological characteristics. The soil used was a Typic Vitrandept under grazed pasture. Soil samples were taken regularly to a depth of 75 mm from paired unfertilised and fertilised (500 kg ha− 30% potassic superphosphate) plots. Except for organic C, fertiliser had little or no effect on the characteristics measured. Organic C averaged about 9.2% in unfertilised soil and was about 0.3% higher in the fertilised soil. The size of the microbial biomass fluctuated widely in the 1st year (3000 μg C g−1 in February to 1300 μg C g−1 in September) but there was less variation in the 2nd year (range 1900 μg C g−1 to 2500 μg C g−1 soil). CO2 production values (10- to 20-day estimates averaged 600 μg of CO2-C g−1 soil) were generally higher in spring compared to the rest of the year. Water extractable C increased over winter and declined through spring in both years (range 50 μg C g−1 soil to 150 μg C g−1 soil). Mineral-N flush values were higher in summer (300 μg N g−1 soil) and lower in winter months (200 μg N g−1 soil). The pattern of variation of microbial N values was one of gradual accumulation followed by rapid decline. This rapid decline in values occurred in spring and autumn (range 130–220 μg N g−1 soil). N mineralisation and bicarbonate-extractable N showed no clear trend; these values ranged from 100–200 and 122–190 μg N g−1 soil, respectively. There was a significant correlation (0.1%) between N mineralisation and bicarbonate-extractable N in the late summer-autumn-early winter period (February–August) in both years but not in spring. These results and their relationships to climatic factors and rates of pasture production are discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261022

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Interspecific competitive interactions between pairs of fungal species in natural substrates (1993)

Wardle, D. A. ; Parkinson, D. ; Waller, J. E.

Springer

Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 165-172

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Competition ; Fungi ; Microbial ecology ; Mixture experiment ; Niche differentiation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The role of interspecific competition in fungal communities in natural substrates is poorly understood because fungi do not form easily definable populations. A new approach to investigating fungal competition, using natural substrates containing a range of known biomass concentrations of each of two species, is described. Relative competitive success of each species is assessed over time in terms of propagule production and substrate colonisation by each species. In an agricultural soil Mucor hiemalis usually out-competed Trichoderma harzianum. After 27 days, the success of both species in the mixtures was independent of the initial biomass concentration of either species, although the success of T. harzianum in these mixtures was substantially inhibited relative to the T. harzianum monocultures. In a forest soil, T. polysporum maintained a competitive advantage over M. hiemalis, and induced M. hiemalis to produce propagules rather than mycelia. Coexistence of both species always occurred in both experiments, and in the forest soil experiment the two-species mixtures all contained a higher total microbial biomass than the monocultures of either species by day 47, suggesting some niche differentiation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341313

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