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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biofilms: An ESEM evaluation of artifacts introduced during SEM preparation (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biofilm ; Scanning electron microscope ; Environmental scanning electron microscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Descriptions of biofilms and their elemental compositions based on scanning electron micrographs and energy dispersive x-ray analysis cannot be related to the original condition of the biofilm on the surface. Solvent replacement of water removes extracellular polymeric material and reduces the concentration of elements bound within the biofilm. In the wet state, bacteria and microalgae are enmeshed in a gelatinous film that is either removed or dried to a thin inconspicuous residue during sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The environmental scanning electron microscope provides a fast, accurate image of biofilms, their spatial relationship to the substratum and elemental composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01576058
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of biomineralization in microbiologically influenced corrosion (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biomineralization ; ferrihydrite ; goethite ; hematite ; metal-reducing bacteria ; microbiologically influenced corrosion ; Shewanella putrefaciens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic iron oxides (goethite, α-FeO·OH; hematite, Fe2O3; and ferrihydrite, Fe(OH)3) were used as model compounds to simulate the mineralogy of surface films on carbon steel. Dissolution of these oxides exposed to pure cultures of the metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens, was followed by direct atomic absorption spectroscopy measurement of ferrous iron coupled with microscopic analyses using confocal laser scanning and environmental scanning electron microscopies. During an 8-day exposure the organism colonized mineral surfaces and reduced solid ferric oxides to soluble ferrous ions. Elemental composition, as monitored by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, indicated mineral replacement reactions with both ferrihydrite and goethite as iron reduction occurred. When carbon steel electrodes were exposed to S. putrefaciens, microbiologically influenced corrosion was demonstrated electrochemically and microscopically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008264313065
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  • 3
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    Effects of Food Stamp Program Participation and Other Sociodemographic Characteristics on Food Expendiiture Patterns of Elderly Minority Households (1986)
    New Brunswick, N.J. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Review of Black Political Economy. 15:1 (1986:Summer) 3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6446
    Topics: Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:m136-1986-015-01-000001
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advantages of environmental scanning electron microscopy in studies of microorganisms (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 398-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Environmental scanning electron microscopy ; Algae ; Fungi ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microalgae, are composed predominantly of water which prohibits direct observation in a traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM). Preparation for SEM requires that microorganisms be fixed, frozen or dehydrated, and coated with a conductive film before observation in a high vacuum environment. Sample preparation may mechanically disturb delicate samples, compromise morphological information, and introduce other artifacts. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) provides a technology for imaging hydrated or dehydrated biological samples with minimal manipulation and without the need for conductive coatings.Sporulating cultures of three fungi, Aspergillus sp., Cunninghamella sp., and Mucor sp., were imaged in the ESEM to assess usefulness of the instrument in the direct observation of delicate, uncoated, biological specimens. Asexual sporophores showed no evidence of conidial displacement or disruption of sporangia.Uncoated algal cells of Euglena gracilis and Spirogyra sp. were examined using the backscatter electron detector (BSE) and the environmental secondary electron detector (ESD) of the ESEM. BSE images had more clearly defined intracellular structures, whereas ESD gave a clearer view of the surface. E. gracilis cells fixed with potassium permanganate, Spirogyra sp. stained with Lugol's solution, and Saprolegnia sp. fixed with osmium tetroxide were compared using BSE and ESD to demonstrate that cellular details could be enhanced by the introduction of heavy metals. The effect of cellular water on signal quality was evaluated by comparing hydrated to critical point dried specimens. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250508
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  • 5
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    Lake nutrient stoichiometry is less predictable than nutrient concentrations at regional and sub-continental scales (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-02
    Description: Production in many ecosystems is co-limited by multiple elements. While a known suite of drivers associated with nutrient sources, nutrient transport, and internal processing controls concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in lakes, much less is known about whether the drivers of single nutrient concentrations can also explain spatial or temporal variation in lake N:P stoichiometry. Predicting stoichiometry might be more complex than predicting concentrations of individual elements because some drivers have similar relationships with N and P, leading to a weak relationship with their ratio. Further, the dominant controls on elemental concentrations likely vary across regions, resulting in context dependent relationships between drivers, lake nutrients and their ratios. Here, we examine whether known drivers of N and P concentrations can explain variation in N:P stoichiometry, and whether explaining variation in stoichiometry differs across regions. We examined drivers of N:P in ~2,700 lakes at a sub-continental scale and two large regions nested within the sub-continental study area that have contrasting ecological context, including differences in the dominant type of land cover (agriculture vs. forest). At the sub-continental scale, lake nutrient concentrations were correlated with nutrient loading and lake internal processing, but stoichiometry was only weakly correlated to drivers of lake nutrients. At the regional scale, drivers that explained variation in nutrients and stoichiometry differed between regions. In the Midwestern US region, dominated by agricultural land use, lake depth and the percentage of row crop agriculture were strong predictors of stoichiometry because only phosphorus was related to lake depth and only nitrogen was related to the percentage of row crop agriculture. In contrast, all drivers were related to N and P in similar ways in the Northeastern US region, leading to weak relationships between drivers and stoichiometry. Our results suggest ecological context mediates controls on lake nutrients and stoichiometry. Predicting stoichiometry was generally more difficult than predicting nutrient concentrations, but human activity may decouple N and P, leading to better prediction of N:P stoichiometry in regions with high anthropogenic activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1051-0761
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5582
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 6
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    Anti Von Willebrand Factor Aptamer ARC 1779 for Refractory Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. (2008)
    American Society of Hematology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-16
    Description: Background: The investigational anti von Willebrand Factor (vWF) aptamer ARC1779 effectively inhibits vWF activity in blood samples of controls and of patients suffering from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) (Jilma et al, Blood2007;110:279a, Gilbert et al. Circulation2007;116:2678–2686). Methods: A 39 year old comatose male patient with acute (TTP) was treated with daily plasma exchange. Further, the patient received rituximab (375mg/m2 first treatment on day 8, and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks) and was splenectomized on day 18. Due to the refractory nature of his TTP, the patient received a concomitant intravenous infusion of ARC1779 at a rate of 2 μg/kg/min beginning on day 30. Results: ARC1779 increased the platelet count slightly from 7 to a maximum of 30/nL; during this period septicaemia and DIC may have blunted the rise in platelet counts. However, platelet counts dropped to 5/nL by 16h after cessation of infusion (day 34). The infusion of ARC1779 was re-started on day 37, and platelet counts increased from 9 to 45/nL. (Figure) Due to a temporary lack of drug, the dose of ARC1779 was stopped at 78h, and platelet counts fell to 12/nL by 12 h after interruption of the infusion. (circle in the Figure) When ARC1779 was re-started, platelet counts increased to a maximum of 97/nL and the patient’s neurologic status improved to near normal under therapy with ARC1779 over the next week. Conclusions: ARC1779 was well-tolerated, and caused a reproducible rise in platelet counts, which alleviated severe thrombocytopenia, in an otherwise refractory TTP case. This effect was reproducible under serial “re-challenge”. Together with the observed improvement in neurologic function, the data provide clinical proof-of-concept and suggest that ARC1779 treatment might improve the organ dysfunction which typically occurs in acute TTP. These data provide a rational basis for ongoing and planned phase II trials of ARC1779. Figure Figure
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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  • 7
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    Discovery and Characterization of An Anti-APC Aptamer for Use In Hemophilia (2010)
    American Society of Hematology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-19
    Description: Abstract 2222 Activated Protein C (APC) is well known for its anticoagulant activity in the coagulation cascade. Inactivation of factors VIIIa (FVIIIa) and Va (FVa) by APC down regulates thrombin generation. The importance of FVa inactivation is seen in individuals with a common genetic mutation in Factor V, known as APC resistant Factor V Leiden (FVL). This missense mutation leads to the elimination of one of three APC cleavage sites on FVa, and FVa inactivation occurs at a slower rate. APC resistance leads to a thrombophilic state and individuals with FVL have a higher risk of thrombosis. Some reports suggest that hemophiliacs with the FVL mutation have reduced clinical severity compared to hemophiliacs without the FVL mutation. They have fewer bleeding episodes and also a delay in age when bleeding episodes begin (Kurnik et al Haematologica 2007;92:982-985). Consistent with this observation, transgenic mice engineered to carry the FVL mutation in combination with a deficiency in FVIII or factor IX (FIX) display normal thrombus formation in a laser injury model compare to no thrombus in the absence of the FVL mutation (Schlachterman et al J Thrombos and Haemostas 3:2730, 2005). Therefore, targeting a therapeutic agent to stabilize FVa by inhibiting APC may help normalize clotting in hemophiliacs. An anti-APC aptamer was discovered by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) and optimized for therapeutic use. In vitro assays were used to determine if the anti-APC aptamer blocks the anticoagulant activity of APC. The aptamer inhibited APC cleavage of a chromogenic peptide substrate. Furthermore, the aptamer decreased the clot time in a plasma-based assay and corrected thrombin generation as measured by calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) following thrombomodulin-mediated protein C activation. These results show that the anti-APC aptamer efficiently blocks the anticoagulant activity of APC. APC also has an important cytoprotective role which can occur when APC binds and interacts with endothelial protein cell receptor (EPCR) and protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). In its cytoprotective role, APC can protect cells from apoptosis and inflammation. It is essential for the safety of a procoagulant, anti-APC therapeutic, that it not block this activity. Flow cytometric experiments were used to determine if the anti-APC aptamer affected the cytoprotective activity of APC. Aptamer was either pre-mixed with APC or added to APC-treated HUVEC cells. There was no interference of APC binding to EPCR on HUVEC cells in either type of experiment. In addition, the aptamer did not interfere with APC binding to EPCR on THP-1 cells. These experiments suggest that the anti-APC aptamer should not interfere with the ability of APC to bind to and protect cells. Taken together with the procoagulant activity described above, these data suggest that the anti-APC aptamer should be a promising new agent for the treatment of hemostatic defects. Disclosures: Wagner: Archemix Corportation: Employment. Schwartz: Archemix Corporation: Employment. McGinness: Archemix Corportation: Employment. Genga: Archemix Corporation: Employment. Kurz: Archemix Corporation: Employment. Waters: Archemix Corporation: Employment. Schaub: Archemix Corporation: Employment.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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  • 8
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    The Generation of An Aptamer Inhibitor of Murine Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) Mediated Platelet Aggregation (2010)
    American Society of Hematology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-19
    Description: Abstract 4312 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a national health concern, with an occurrence of over 900,000 cases per year and over 300,000 deaths per year. The total number of cases of VTE and the incidence of VTE-related deaths exceeds those related to both myocardial infarction and stroke. With an aging population, the incidence of VTE has also been increasing. Current treatment of venous thromboembolism with anti-coagulation is not optimal. There is a risk of bleeding, thrombus extension, pain and swelling as well as a recurrence rate of 3–9%. A significant inflammatory response occurs with venous thromboembolism. This inflammation can influence the extent of thrombosis, vein wall fibrosis and valve damage in the thrombosed vein. In a high percentage of VTE patients a condition of venous insufficiency known as post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) can develop. PTS is associated with stasis ulceration, dermatitis and edema. Venous thrombogenesis is influenced by platelet (PLT) and leukocyte (WBC) adhesion as well as interactions between these cells. There is growing evidence to suggest that VWF interactions with PLT GPIbα can mediate some of these early events. This is evidenced by the reduction in PLT/WBC recruitment and reduced thrombus growth seen in either VWF or GPIbα deficient mice. These data point to a role for VWF in VTE. We sought to develop an aptamer to mouse VWF that would inhibit its interactions with platelet GPIbα. The availability of this tool would support investigations into the role of VWF in mouse models of VTE. Aptamers are oligonucleotides that fold into three-dimensional structures and specifically bind to ligands with high affinity. Aptamers bound to proteins can modify and/or inhibit protein-protein interactions. Using an in vitro selection method known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX), we generated aptamers that bind to murine VWF (mVWF) from a modified RNA pool. Nine of these aptamers bind to mVWF with single-digit or sub- nanomolar affinity. A subset of these aptamers also binds to human VWF (hVWF). The aptamers that bind to hVWF inhibit platelet adhesion/aggregation in human whole blood. Further in vitro characterization has demonstrated that five of these aptamers specifically inhibit the interaction between mVWF and recombinant human GPIbα, but do not interfere with the binding of mVWF to collagen. These five aptamers were also active in vivo in a FeCl3-induced thrombosis model in mice. Intravenous injection of the anti-mVWF aptamers prolonged time to occlusion from a baseline of 10–15 minutes to either 25–35 minutes or 〉40 minutes in this model, depending on the aptamer. These results demonstrate that we have identified high affinity aptamers to mVWF that specifically disrupt mVWF binding to platelets and have an antithrombotic effect in an in vivo mouse model of thrombosis. These aptamers will allow us to investigate the role of VWF in murine models of venous thrombosis. This project was supported by Award Number R01HL095091 from the National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute. Disclosures: Woelfel: Archemix Corporation: Employment. Wagner:Archemix Corporation: Employment. McGinness:Archemix Corporation: Employment. Schaub:Archemix Corporation: Employment.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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  • 9
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    An overview of microbiologically influenced corrosion (1992)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0013-4686
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3859
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Advantages of environmental scanning electron microscopy in studies of microorganisms (1993)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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