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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical Sciences: Solar Modulation and the Chemical Composition of the Cosmic Radiation (1972)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 236 (1972), S. 391-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Thus in 1965 we2 deduced that the previous solar cycle, from 1954 to 1965, had been characterized by a potential that ranged from 50 MV up to 700 MV and down again to 125 MV. During the present solar cycle the improved data have led to very similar estimates. Lezniak and Webber3 find 140 MV for ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/236391a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Artificial Aurora (1958)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 182 (1958), S. 1728-1728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The distance between Johnston Island and Apia is about 2,200 miles, and hence an explosion 100 miles above Johnston Island could not be seen from the upper atmosphere over Apia. Thus direct radiation from the explosion could scarcely be the cause of the observed aurora. On the other hand, as ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1821728a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increases of Ionization in the F 2 Layer and Solar Corpuscular Radiation (1962)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 193 (1962), S. 1272-1273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It can be seen from Table 1 that every large increase of ionization in the F2 layer reported thus far is associated with an increase in the corpuscular radiation reaching the Earth. In every case the increase in particle intensity has been large, being several orders of magnitude greater than the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1931272a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comment on the validity of fragmentation parameters measured in nuclear emulsions (1978)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 56 (1978), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The validity of fragmentation parameters deduced for an air-like medium from measurements made in nuclear emulsions have been questioned recently. It is shown that these parameters are still consistent with the available data and can be used to choose between some of the values deduced from other considerations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01879567
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cascading of cosmic-ray nuclei in various media (1975)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 38 (1975), S. 419-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract More than a thousand interactions of primary heavy nuclei of the cosmic radiation with charge ≥10 and energy 〉1 GeV nucleon−1 in nuclear emulsion have been studied with emphasis on how the primary nucleus fragments. It has been determined that the cases of multiple successive fragmentations that have been observed do not occur more frequently than expected. The fragmentation ofZ〉20 nuclei does depend on the target nucleus to some extent so it is important to try to separate the interactions in emulsion by theirN h (number of evaporation prongs). The fragmentation of 8 16 O at 2.1 GeV nucleon−1 measured at the Bevalac shows a similar dependence on target nucleus. By using data from these new interactions combined with published data we have simulated on a computer nuclear cascades in both emulsion and air. Results on these cascades are given for both primary silicon and primary iron nuclei. These results are used to discuss the fluctuations expected in extensive air showers produced by heavy primary nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647143
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The charge and energy spectra of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei (1978)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 59 (1978), S. 301-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A charged particle detector array flown on a high altitude balloon has detected and measured some 3×104 cosmic-ray nuclei withZ≥12. The charge spectrum at the top of the atmosphere for nuclei withE〉650 MeV·n−1 and the energy spectrum for 650≤E〈1800 MeV·n−1 are reported and compared with previously published results. The charge spectrum at the ‘source’ of cosmic rays is deduced from these data and compared with a recent compilation of ‘galactic’ abundances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023921
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fragmentation of cosmic-ray nuclei in interstellar hydrogen (1969)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 5 (1969), S. 3-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to calculate the effects of traversal of interstellar matter on the charge spectrum of the cosmic radiation it is necessary to have values for the fragmentation parameters of nuclei of each element into all lighter elements. Most of these values have not been experimentally determined. As a consequence, they have been calculated from a semi-empirical mass spallation relation designed to fit the available partial cross-sections obtained from radio chemical determinations. This calculation has attempted to take into account the conditions that are peculiar to the cosmic ray problem. Values of the parameters are given for three characteristic energies and a comparison is made with the sparce experimental data. The effects of using these parameters in a calculation of the extrapolation of the charge spectrum through interstellar space are shown for some representative cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653932
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the modulation and energy spectrum of highly charged cosmic ray nuclei (1971)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 14 (1971), S. 422-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The intensity and energy spectrum of cosmic ray VH-nuclei (20≤Z≤30) has been measured in a stack of nuclear emulsions exposed over Fort Churchill in 1968. The integral intensity above 300 MeV/nucleon was 1.04±0.04 nuclei m−2 sr−1 s−1 and three differential intensities were measured below 750 MeV/nucleon. Because of the current controversy regarding the true intensities of helium nuclei at this phase of the solar cycle we have also measured these nuclei, obtaining results intermediate between those quoted by other workers. Comparison of these results on the VH-and helium nuclei with those obtained in previous observations made at times of low solar modulation leads to the conclusion that there is no significant charge dependence in the modulation process. This conclusion is in conflict with an earlier analysis but depends on results of improved statistical weight and greater reliability for the VH nuclei and on our measurement of the helium nuclei in the same detector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653328
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a nuclear phase transition in target nuclei after relativistic nuclear interactions (1993)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 59 (1993), S. 399-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The degree of excitation of the emulsion target nuclei due to nuclear interactions of oxygen and sulfur projectiles at 200 GeV/nucleon incident energy has been investigated. Using the plausible assumption that the numberN b of slow particles emitted from the struck target nucleus can be interpreted as a measure of the temperatureT of the residual nucleus, we have found that there exists a critical temperatureT c of the excited target nucleus. For Ag and Br target nuclei this temperature corresponds to 〈N b〉≌12 and it is attained when the impact parameters are less than about 4 fm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01498620
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of 10.6 GeV/n gold nuclei with light and heavy target nuclei in nuclear emulsion (1994)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 63 (1994), S. 549-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the particle production and fragmentation of nuclei participating in the interactions of 10.6 GeV/n gold nuclei in nuclear emulsions. A new criterion has been found to distinguish between the interactions of these gold nuclei with the light (H,C,N,O) and heavy (Ag, Br) target nuclei in the emulsion. This has allowed separate analyses of the multiplicity and pseudo-rapidity distributions of the singly charged particles emitted in Au-(H,C,N,O) and Au-(Ag,Br) interactions, as well as of the modes of breakup of the projectile and target nuclei. The pseudo-rapidity distributions show strong forward asymmetries, particularly for the interactions with the light nuclei. Heavy target nuclei produce a more severe breakup of the projectile gold nucleus than do the lighter targets. A negative correlation between the number of fragments emitted from the target nuclei and the degree of centrality of the collisions has been observed, which can be attributed to the total destruction of the relatively light target nuclei by these very heavy projectile nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01557619
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