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  • 1
    Unknown
    London : The Geological Society
    Keywords: Carbonatplattform ; Carbonates ; Carbonatos ; Geology, Stratigraphic ; Marine sediments ; Reefs ; Rochas sedimentares ; Rocks, Carbonate
    Description / Table of Contents: V. P. Wright and T. P. Burchette: Carbonate ramps: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:1-5, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.01 --- W. M. Ahr: Carbonate ramps, 1973–1996: a historical review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:7-14, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.02 --- A. Kirkham: A Quaternary proximal foreland ramp and its continental fringe, Arabian Gulf, UAE / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:15-41, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.03 --- Gordon Walkden and Alun Williams: Carbonate ramps and the Pleistocene-Recent depositional systems of the Arabian Gulf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:43-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.04 --- Viviane Testa and Dan W. J. Bosence: Carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation on a high-energy, ocean-facing, tropical ramp, NE Brazil / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:55-71, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.05 --- Janice M. Light and John B. Wilson: Cool-water carbonate deposition on the West Shetland Shelf: a modern distally steepened ramp / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:73-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.06 --- J. Fred Read: Phanerozoic carbonate ramps from greenhouse, transitional and ice-house worlds: clues from field and modelling studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:107-135, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.07 --- M. Aurell, B. Bádenas, D. W. J. Bosence, and D. A. Waltham: Carbonate production and offshore transport on a Late Jurassic carbonate ramp (Kimmeridgian, Iberian basin, NE Spain): evidence from outcrops and computer modelling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:137-161, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.08 --- Martyn Pedley: A review of sediment distributions and processes in Oligo-Miocene ramps of southern Italy and Malta (Mediterranean divide) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:163-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.09 --- Rodney F. Gilham and Charlie S. Bristow: Facies architecture and geometry of a prograding carbonate ramp during the early stages of foreland basin evolution: Lower Eocene sequences, Sierra del Cadí, SE Pyrenees, Spain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:181-203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.10 --- H. D. Sinclair, Z. R. Sayer, and M. E. Tucker: Carbonate sedimentation during early foreland basin subsidence: the Eocene succession of the French Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:205-227, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.11 --- Irene Gómez-Pérez, Pedro A. Fernández-Mendiola, and Joaquín García-Mondéjar: Constructional dynamics for a Lower Cretaceous carbonate ramp (Gorbea Massif, north Iberia) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:229-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.12 --- Martina Bachmann and Jochen Kuss: The Middle Cretaceous carbonate ramp of the northern Sinai: sequence stratigraphy and facies distribution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:253-280, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.13 --- Ana C. Azerêdo: Geometry and facies dynamics of Middle Jurassic carbonate ramp sandbodies, West-Central Portugal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:281-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.14 --- Kinga Hips: Lower Triassic storm-dominated ramp sequence in northern Hungary: an example of evolution from homoclinal through distally steepened ramp to Middle Triassic flat-topped platform / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:315-338, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.15 --- Ákos Török: Controls on development of Mid-Triassic ramps: examples from southern Hungary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:339-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.16 --- Zakaria Lasemi, Rodney D. Norby, and Janis D. Treworgy: Depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy of a Lower Carboniferous bryozoan-crinoidal carbonate ramp in the Illinois Basin, mid-continent USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:369-395, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.17 --- Jobst Wendt and Bernd Kaufmann: Mud buildups on a Middle Devonian carbonate ramp (Algerian Sahara) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:397-415, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.18 --- Bernd Kaufmann: Middle Devonian reef and mud mounds on a carbonate ramp: Mader Basin (eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:417-435, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.19 --- Yong Seok Choi and J. A. Simo: Ramp facies and sequence stratigraphic models in an epeiric sea: the Upper Ordovician mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Glenwood and Platteville Formations, Wisconsin, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149:437-456, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.20
    Pages: Online-Ressource (465 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 1862390258
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: It is now well established that seawater chemistry, as well as influencing non-skeletal marine precipitation (‘calcite’ and ‘aragonite seas’), has affected skeletal mineral secretion in some algal and marine invertebrate groups. Skeletal mineralogy has had a yet more profound consequence on fossil preservation. The realization that the fossil record of marine organisms with an aragonite shell is widely depleted in some shelf settings through early, effectively syn-depositional, dissolution (‘missing molluscs’ effect) has led to a re-evaluation of the composition, diversity, ecological and trophic structure of marine benthic communities. Comparisons of molluscan lagerstätten from ‘calcite’ and ‘aragonite seas’ show a similar pattern of skeletal mineralogical loss, that is, no differences are discernibly linked to changed seawater geochemistry. It is notable that the rare mollusc-rich skeletal lagerstätten faunas in the fossil record include many small individuals. Micromolluscs are quantitatively important among modern shell assemblages, yet small size is a major source of taphonomic and biodiversity loss in the fossil record. In skeletal lagerstätten faunas, micromolluscs contribute variably to mollusc biodiversity but appear particularly significant through at least to Triassic times. They highlight a further ‘missing molluscs’ effect of taphonomic loss through early dissolution.
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 370: 39-47.
    Publication Date: 2012-11-29
    Description: The relatively simplistic facies models for lacustrine carbonates do not currently incorporate either the diversity of microbialite carbonate development or the influence of volcanic-related processes found in rift settings. The basic nature of the carbonate factories in these systems, whether microbial, macrophytic, skeletal or abiogenic, is not resolved. Lacustrine microbialites can develop in shallow lakes as concentrations of microbialite mounds covering many hundreds of square kilometres, or as bathymetrically controlled facies belts, but in many rift settings vent-related thermal and non-thermal carbonates (travertines and tufas) are a major component. Subaqueous vent-related carbonates, with evidence of microbial activity, can produce seismic-scale carbonate build-ups in deeper lakes or apparently more stratiform accumulations in shallow lakes. In lakes with only volcanic catchments, Mg and silica activity, coupled with high carbonate alkalinity and microbial influences, can potentially generate a complex set of mineral–microbe interactions and products, creating a unique set of challenges for predicting and understanding reservoirs in such settings.
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  • 4
  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-12-20
    Description: The Panna–Mukta fields host hydrocarbons in the Bassein Formation Eocene–Oligocene ramp limestones. The pore system is almost wholly secondary, comprising microporosity, mouldic porosity, vugs, solution-enlarged stylolites and fractures. Although petrographical evidence points to dissolution after extensive late cementation, the presence of a high permeability layer close to a palaeokarstic surface at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary has raised the possibility that this secondary porosity could be related to subaerial exposure. However, the Panna–Mukta reservoirs show a strong correlation between secondary matrix porosity and stylolite density measured from cores. Stylolites only developed in ‘clean’ limestones lacking argillaceous material, whereas more argillaceous limestones in the succession are characterized by dissolution seams and have poor reservoir quality. These cleaner limestones occur preferentially below the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, representing an upwards-shallowing sequence, whereas the argillaceous limestones occur further below the Eocene–Oligocene boundary in the lower part of the same shallowing-upwards sequence and in the transgressive limestones at the base of the Bassein A. This secondary porosity distribution suggests movement of corrosive fluids along pre-existing stylolites. Despite an apparent link between porosity distribution and an unconformity, secondary porosity development was mesogenetic and related to the distribution of facies that favoured stylolites that acted as conduits for the flow of corrosive fluids. The Bassein Formation reservoirs show unequivocal evidence of significant porosity development by mesogenetic dissolution but the exact process or processes by which such porosity creation occurs requires further work.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-03-02
    Description: Ordovician change in the nature of seafloor carbonates saw rapid decline of previously widespread flat pebble conglomerates and the Palaeozoic peak abundance of hardgrounds. The effective disappearance of flat pebble conglomerates, widely attributed to physical disruption of substrate by bioturbation, is reinterpreted as reflecting increased depth of carbonate precipitation below the Taphonomically Active Zone such that early lithified carbonates were less frequently reworked by scour. With deeper, more stable zones of cementation, exhumed limestones formed hardgrounds, whose mid-Ordovician acme supported rapid increase in epizoan diversity. Further deepening of cementation to below normal scour accompanied post-Ordovician decline in submarine hardgrounds. Supplementary materials: Database for Figure 2 is available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18896 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-11-22
    Description: The lacustrine carbonate reservoirs of the South Atlantic host significant accumulations of chemically reactive and Al-free Mg-silicate minerals (e.g. stevensite, kerolite and talc). Petrographic data from units such as the Cretaceous Barra Velha Formation in the Santos Basin suggest that Mg-silicate minerals strongly influenced, and perhaps created, much of the observed secondary porosity. The diagenetic interactions between reactive Mg-silicate minerals and carbonate sediments are, however, poorly known. Here we develop a conceptual model for the origin of secondary porosity in the Barra Velha Formation guided by considerations of the chemistry that triggers Mg-silicate crystallization, as well as the geochemical and mineralogical factors that act as prerequisites for rapid Mg-silicate dissolution during early and late diagenesis. We conclude that sub-littoral zones of volcanically influenced rift lakes would have acted as the locus for widespread Mg-silicate accumulation and preservation. Organic-rich profundal sediments, however, would be especially prone to Mg-silicate dissolution and secondary porosity development. Here, organic matter diagenesis (especially methanogenesis) plays a major role in modifying the dissolved inorganic carbon budget and the pH of sediment porewaters, which preferentially destabilizes and then dissolves Mg-silicates. Together, the sedimentological, stratigraphic and geochemical predictions of the model explain many enigmatic features of the Barra Velha Formation, providing a novel framework for understanding how Mg-silicate–carbonate interactions might generate secondary porosity more broadly in other lacustrine carbonate reservoirs across the South Atlantic.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-12-12
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-03-08
    Description: A prerequisite for plant taphonomy and palaeoecological analysis of early land plants is to understand the palaeogeomorphology of the landscapes that they inhabited. The Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin was chosen to ascertain the nature of the landscapes and range and variability of potential plant habitats. Evidence is provided for dynamic, low-lying landscapes, with complex hydrology and mosaics of microenvironments. The Raglan Mudstone Formation (latest Prídolí–earliest Lochkovian) represents a mud-dominated, ephemeral dryland river system, active during short-lived high-discharge events. Plant habitats were restricted to areas with temporarily elevated water tables, suitable for plants with short life cycles (e.g. rhyniophytes). The St. Maughans Formation (early Lochkovian) represents a sand-dominated, perennial trunk channel river system, with an overall wetter, more stable landscape. Plant habitats extended into areas of permanently elevated water tables, where plants with a more extensive vegetative growth stage survived (e.g. zosterophylls). In association with evidence from the plant fossil record, this leads to the hypothesis that during the latest Silurian to earliest Devonian the landscapes across the southern margins of Laurussia were too hostile (overall moisture deficient and unstable) for plants of higher organization than rhyniophytes to establish, despite their radiation across palaeoequatorial latitudes much earlier.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Current classifications of carbonate platforms use depositional gradient as the main criterion for separating systems into two end-member types, ramps and flat-topped platforms (FTPs). However, many examples do not conform to this simple classification. To investigate why this is and to better understand probable controls on platform development, we have used a series of 2D numerical forward model runs to investigate how sediment production, diffusional sediment transport, and other controls such as tectonic subsidence, antecedent topography, and relative sea-level oscillation interact to determine platform geometry. Modeling results reaffirm that rates of down-dip sediment transport relative to rates of autochthonous production are a critical factor in maintaining a ramp profile in stable cratonic settings under a constant rate of relative sea-level rise. Type of carbonate production versus water-depth curve, for example euphotic versus oligophotic, is not a significant control in our model cases. Both euphotic and oligophotic production profiles produce FTPs when diffusion coefficients are low relative to production rates, and ramps when diffusion coefficients are relatively high. These results suggest a continuum of platform types, ranging from transport-dominated, low-gradient systems at one end of the spectrum, to in situ accumulation dominated systems at the other. A system may be transport-dominated because high-energy processes are able to break down and transport even bound sediment, or because carbonate factories produce only sediment that is easily transportable under even low-energy conditions. Time evolution is also probably important. Initially low gradient systems will, in the absence of sufficiently high sediment transport rates, tend to evolve towards high-gradient flat-topped steep-margined platforms. Many observed or inferred platform geometries are therefore likely to be transient forms, and this could complicate interpretation. Investigating how basin bathymetry and style of subsidence control platform geometry suggests that, in transport-dominated systems, strata simply drape the underlying topography, and that pre-existing breaks of slope and differential fault subsidence are a stronger control on platform geometry in in situ accumulation dominated systems. Rotational subsidence tends to create transport-dominated systems during rotation as the topographic gradient increases and transport rate increases and outpaces in situ production rate. Relative sea-level oscillations tend to move the locus of sediment production laterally along any slope present on the platform, distributing the sediment accumulation across the whole width of the platform, suppressing progradation and steepening, and so favoring development of low-gradient systems. Based on all these results, we suggest that a simple cutoff classification into ramp and flat-topped platform types can still be useful in some circumstances, but a more meaningful approach may be to describe and predict platform strata in terms of a multiple-dimension platform parameter space containing a continuum of geometries controlled by sediment production, sediment diffusion coefficient, antecedent topography, differential subsidence effects, relative sea-level oscillations and perhaps other as yet unappreciated controls.
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
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