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  • 1
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    Activation-induced cytidine deaminase mediates central tolerance in B cells [Immunology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: The Aicda gene product, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), initiates somatic hypermutation, class-switch recombination, and gene conversion of Ig genes by the deamination of deoxycytidine, followed by error-prone mismatch- or base-excision DNA repair. These processes are crucial for the generation of genetically diverse, high affinity antibody and robust humoral immunity, but exact significant genetic damage and promote cell death. In mice, physiologically significant AID expression was thought to be restricted to antigen-activated, mature B cells in germinal centers. We now demonstrate that low levels of AID in bone marrow immature and transitional B cells suppress the development of autoreactivity. Aicda−/− mice exhibit significantly increased serum autoantibody and reduced capacity to purge autoreactive immature and transitional B cells. In vitro, AID deficient immature/transitional B cells are significantly more resistant to anti-IgM–induced apoptosis than their normal counterparts. Thus, early AID expression plays a fundamental and unanticipated role in purging self-reactive immature and transitional B cells during their maturation in the bone marrow.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    SN Ia host galaxy properties and the dust extinction distribution (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-11
    Description: Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa) display a complex relation with their host galaxies. An important prior to the fit of the supernovae's light curve is the distribution of host galaxy extinction values that can be encountered. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey SuperNova survey project has published light-curve fits using both mlcs2k2 and salt2 . We use the former fits extinction parameter ( A V ) to map this distribution of extinction values. We explore the dependence of this distribution on four observables; the inclination of the host galaxy disc, radial position of the supernova, redshift of the supernova and host, and the level of star formation in the host galaxy. The distribution of A V values encountered by supernovae is typically characterized by : $N_0 \mathrm{e}^{-A_{\rm V}/\tau }$ , with  = 0.4 or 0.33. We find that the inclination correction using an infinitely thin disc for the SN Ia is sufficient, resulting in similar exponential A V distributions for high- and low-inclination discs. The A V distribution also depends on the radial position in the disc, consistent with previous results on the transparency of spiral discs. The distribution of A V values narrows with increased star formation, possibly due to the destruction or dispersion of the dusty interstellar medium by stellar winds prior to the ignition of the supernova. In future supernova searches, certainly the inclination of the host galaxy disc, should be considered in the construction of the A V prior with  = 0.4/cos ( i ) as the most likely prior in each individual host galaxy's case.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Climate modeling. How accurate are climate simulations? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Thomas M -- Karl, Thomas R -- Reynolds, Richard W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):483-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Climatic Data Center, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Climate change: hot questions of temperature bias (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forest, Chris E -- Reynolds, Richard W -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):601-2. doi: 10.1038/453601a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Resources, Vol. 7, Pages 76: Linear Programming-Based Cropland Allocation to Enhance Performance of Smallholder Crop Production: A Pilot Study in Abaro Kebele, Ethiopia (2018)
    MDPI
    In: Resources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Smallholder farmer crop production is a mainstay of the Ethiopian economy. A series of agricultural extension programs have been implemented since the 1950s in an effort to improve smallholder productivity. In this study, we argue that the limited attention that is given to cropland allocation by smallholders is one key driver of low performance of crop production as well as a key factor in environmental degradation. Drawing on data from a household survey of 75 randomly selected households in Abaro Kebele, Ethiopia, combined with focus-group discussions, key informant interviews, and secondary data sources, we use linear programming to highlight the impact of cropland allocation decisions on the performance of rural smallholder crop production systems. We find that under current land use practices households are not able to meet their consumption needs. The average profitability of farms under the current cropland allocation is also significantly below the estimated level of profit that could be realized by reallocating cropland while using linear programming. Additionally, survey results suggest that low crop production performance (in terms of meeting both household food crop production needs and profit goals) is the primary reason why households do not participate in conservation efforts and sustainable resource management practices. This study suggests that linear programming-based cropland allocation modeling might be applied to enhance the profit performance of smallholder crop production, help meet household food crop production requirements, and thereby promote the sustainable utilization of environmental resources.
    Electronic ISSN: 2079-9276
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 6
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    Using satellite infrared data in studies of variabilities of the Western pacific warm pool (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bates, J J -- Diaz, H F -- Reynolds, R W -- Bernstein, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 15;262(5132):440-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17789951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Potent contact allergen in the rubber plant guayule (Parthenium argentatum) (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-03-27
    Description: Chemical and dermatotoxicological investigations of the natural and processed resin of the Mexican rubber plant, guayule (Parthenium argentatum), has established the presence of a sesquiterpene cinnamic acid ester (guayulin A) that is a potent elicitor of allergic contact dermatitis in experimental animals. The guayule contact allergen is comparable to the poison ivy skin allergens as an elicitor of dermatitis in sensitized guinea pigs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rodriguez, E -- Reynolds, G W -- Thompson, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 27;211(4489):1444-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7466403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allergens/*isolation & purification ; Animals ; Cinnamates/*immunology/isolation & purification ; Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology ; Guinea Pigs ; Plant Extracts/analysis ; Sesquiterpenes/*immunology/isolation & purification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Control of neuronal gene expression (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-09-21
    Description: Some 30,000 genes are expressed exclusively in the rat brain, many of which contain a genetic element called an identifier sequence located in at least one of their introns. The identifier sequences are transcribed by RNA polymerase III exclusively in neurons to produce two RNA species, BC1 and BC2, of 160 and 100 to 110 nucleotides. This transcriptional event may define regions of chromatin that contain neuronal-specific genes and may poise these genes for transcription by polymerase II by rendering the gene promoters accessible to soluble trans-acting molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sutcliffe, J G -- Milner, R J -- Gottesfeld, J M -- Reynolds, W -- GM32355/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Sep 21;225(4668):1308-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6474179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Brain/*metabolism ; Brain Stem/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; *Genes ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Operon ; Phenotype ; RNA Polymerase III/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Rats ; Spinal Cord/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    An Evolved Orthogonal Enzyme/Cofactor Pair (2016)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-17
    Description: Journal of the American Chemical Society DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05847
    Print ISSN: 0002-7863
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5126
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 10
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    Optimality of trace fossil random walks [Applied Physical Sciences] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-30
    Description: Efficient searching is crucial for timely location of food and other resources. Recent studies show that diverse living animals use a theoretically optimal scale-free random search for sparse resources known as a Lévy walk, but little is known of the origins and evolution of foraging behavior and the search strategies...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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