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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 28 (1995), S. 2852-2857 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 34 (1995), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The article presents preliminary results of the anionic polymerization of 2-ethylhexyl- and butyl acrylates initiated by ester enolate in the presence of Li 3-methylpentoxide-3. Compared with the Li t-butoxide which has been widely used earlier, this alkoxide is a more efficient stabilizer of active centers. Under selectively chosen reaction conditions, polymerizations of both monomers proceed quantitatively with a small extent of the selftermination event at-40 and-20°C producing polymers with narrow MWD's.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 31 (1993), S. 393-399 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The anionic polymerization of butyl acrylate initiated by the complex initiator tert-butyl 2-lithioisobutyrate/lithium tert-butoxide (mole ratio 1:3 or 1:10) was studied in toluene, tetrahydrofuran and their mixtures (9:1 or 19:1 v/v) at-60°C. The extent of autotermination increases with increasing content of THF; in neat THF the limiting conversion is only ca 70%. In neat toluene, the prepared polymers have broad or even multimodal MWD; conversion curves indicate a slow initiation step. Mw/Mn ratio of the polymers prepared in THF and in the mixed solvents was 1.7 and 1.12–1.35, respectively. In the mixed solvents the molecular weight of the polymers rises virtually linearly with increasing conversion; semilogarithmic kinetic plots indicate that the polymerization proceeds in the manner not too far from a living process.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 2595-2602 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The anionic polymerization of 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate initiated with lithium tert-butoxide in a nonpolar hydrocarbon medium was investigated. The polymerization conversion curve of an unusual shape consists of two growth regions separated by a plateau on the conversion curve. Changes in the course of the polymerization are accompanied by pronounced changes in the microstructure of the forming polymer which from predominantly isotactic in the first growth stage turns to syndiotactic during the plateau on the conversion curve and the second growth stage. The polymerization rate in the first stage is several times higher than in the second stage. The absolute magnitude of both polymerization rates and the length of the plateau on the conversion curve are functions of the concentration conditions. Both the weight and number average molecular weight in the first stage increase proportionally to conversion. During the plateau on the conversion curve there is a decrease in the molecular weight, whereas in the second stage of the polymerization course the molecular weight increases again with increasing conversion. Similar changes can also be observed in the investigation ofthe intrinsic viscosities of the polymers. These findings, along with the increase in polymer polydispersity in the second growth stage, led to the conclusion that each growth stage of the polymerization is controlled by a separate type of active centres differing both kinetically and by their stereospecific capacity. The anomalies described in the paper, however were not observed with sodium terr-butoxide as initiator.
    Notes: Es wurde die durch Lithium-tert-butoxid initiierteanionische Polymerisation des 2-Methoxyäthylmethacrylats im Medium von nichtpolaren Kohlenwasserstoffen untersucht. Die Umsatzkurve der Polymerisation, die eine ungewöhnliche Gestalt hat, weist zwei Wachstumsgebiete auf, die voneinander durch ein Plateau auf der Umsatzkurve getrennt sind. Die Änderungen im Polymerisationsverlauf werden von ausgeprägten Änderungen in der Mikrostruktur der entstehenden Polymeren begleitet. Diese ist in der ersten Wachstumsphase überwiegend isotaktisch und geht während des Plateaus auf der Umsatzkurve in der zweiten Wachstumsphase in eine syndiotaktische über. Die Polymerisationsge-schwindigkeit ist in der ersten Phase um ein Mehrfaches höher als in der zweiten. Die absoluten Größen beider Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten und die Länge des Plateaus auf der Umsatzkurve sind Funktionen der Konzentrationsbedingungen. Gewichtsund Zahlenmittel der Molekulargewichte wachsen in der ersten Phase proportional mit steigendem Umsatz. In der Plateauregion der Umsatzkurve sinkt das Molekulargewicht, wahrend es in der zweiten Phase des Polymerisationsverlaufs wiederum zu einer Molekulargewichtszunahme mit steigendem Umasatz kommt. Ähnliche Änderungen lassen sich auch bei der Verfolgung der Gtenzviskositatszahl des Polymeren beobachten. Diese Tatsachen, gemeinsam mit der Zunahme der Polydispersität des Polymeren in der zweiten Wachstumsphase, haben zur Ansicht geführt, daß die beiden Wachstumsphasen durch zwei verschiedene Arten von aktiven Zentren bestimmt werden. Beide Typen unterscheiden sich sowohl kinetisch als auch durch ihre stereospezifischen Wirkungen. Bei einer entsprechenden durch Natrium-tert-butoxid initiierten Polymerisation konnten die angefuhrten Anomalien nicht beobachtet werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the anionic polymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate the possibility of controlling the molecular weights of the resulting polymers by varying the initial stoichiometric conditions was studied. The starting concentrations of monomer and initiator, tert-butyl 2-lithioisobutyrate, were varied in the range 0,24-1,20 mol/L and 0,006-0,017 mol/L, respectively, so that the mole ratio [M]0/[I]0 spanned the range from 14 to 160. The mole ratio tert-butyl 2-lithioisobutyrate: Li tert-butoxide was 1 : 3 in all experiments. A Mixture toluene/tetrahydrofuran (volume ratio 9 : 1) was used as reaction medium. The molecular weights of the polymers formed (37 00-55 000) depend linearly on the ratio [M]0/[I]0. All products have narrow molecular-weight distributions. The efficiency of the initiator is not quantitative, but in the range investigated it does not depend markedly on the concentration conditions. NMR analysis of the polymers indicates that the polymerization is initiated by Li ester-enolate and any metal transfer from the initiator to the monomer can be neglected. The polymerization is shown to proceed by the mechanism which is close to the ideal “living” process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, the effect of crosslinking on the aggregation of syndiotactic (s) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in toluene or o-dichlorobenzene gels was investigated. A conclusion was drawn from the integrated band intensities in the 1 H NMR high resolution spectra that the values of fractions of aggregated units decrease with increasing crosslinking, and that the corresponding aggregates of crosslinked s-PMMA decompose (melt), compared with uncrosslinked s-PMMA, at somewhat lower temperatures. Already loose crosslinking markedly slows down the aggregation process. The IR spectra showed that fractions of long s-sequences, which form helices having a high number of units per turn (conformation close to the all-trans one), are greatly reduced due to crosslinking, and the structure of aggregated sequences is less defined. Unlike the uncrosslinked s-PMMA, the structures arising by aggregation in gels of crosslinked s-PMMA do not persist in the solid state.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1435-1444 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(ethyl acrylate) prepared by group transfer polymerization was studied by 1H and 13C 1 D and 2D NMR methods including SINEPT, COSY, LR H-H-C RELAY and COLOC using model homopolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethyl acrylate (EA) of a length equal to that of the blocks and prepared under the same conditions. The 1H and 13C spectra of the copolymer are shown to be a superposition of the respective spectra of the homopolymers, with the exception that the copolymer lacks the terminal group present in the MMA homopolymer and the initiating group of the EA polymer. Moreover, a new minor signal is found in the CH2 region of the copolymer which is shown to belong to the link of the blocks. The existence of a direct link between the blocks is further supported by the results of 1D and 2D coherence transfer methods, especially, those using the newly modified DS INEPT and H-C-C RELAY pulse sequences.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics and the molecular weight distributions (MWD) in the anionic polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate (tBuA) in tetrahydrofuran at 23 ± 3°C were investigated. Tert-butyl α-lithioisobutyrate (tBiB-Li) was used as the initiator in the absence and presence of the additives lithium chloride and lithium tert-butoxide (tBuOLi). A flow tube reactor was used which allowed very rapid mixing of reagents, within milliseconds. The polymerization is extremely fast, half-lives being 0,01 s for the system without additive, 0,05 s for LiCl and 3 s for tBuOLi as an additive. The rate of termination was estimated from the strong UV absorption of the enolized β-oxoester end group formed. The number-average degree of polymerization is a linear function of conversion, the absolute values, however, demonstrate initiator efficiencies of only ca. 30%. The MWD's of the polymers formed are narrow (Mw/Mn = 1,35 without additive, M/Mn = 1,08 in the presence of LiCl and Mw/Mn = 1,77 in the presence of tBuOLi). After precipitation these values are reduced to 1,17; 1,06 and 1,32, respectively. Experiments in a stirred tank reactor and in ampoules lead to much broader MWD's. This shows that the rate of mixing has a strong effect on the MWD and is of substantial importance in these rapid polymerizations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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