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  • 1
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    Azimuthal variation of the P phase in Icelandic receiver functions (2001)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Hannover, Geophys. Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 221-230, pp. 1175, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-waves ; Wave propagation ; wave ; form ; analysis ; GJI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    A quantitative study of the site effects observed at the GERESS array (2003)
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Hannover, Geophys. Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 1051-1064, pp. 1175, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Seismology ; Site amplification ; Seismic arrays ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Characteristics of tectonomagmatic earthquake swarms at the Southwest Indian Ridge between 16°E and 25°E (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-12
    Description: SUMMARY The ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) is a prominent end-member of the global mid-ocean ridge system. It spreads with a full-rate of 14–16 mm y −1 and shows several segments of various obliquities. The western SWIR consists of the Oblique and Orthogonal Supersegments lying at an epicentral distance of ∼21° to the VNA2 seismic array operated by the German Neumayer station in East Antarctica. The array monitors backazimuth, apparent velocity and signal-to-noise ratio of arriving waves and provides a data set of seismicity from the western SWIR over several years. Compared to the global seismological network, its detection threshold for earthquakes occurring at the western SWIR is more than 0.5 m b lower enabling a more comprehensive study of mid-ocean ridge processes than the teleseismic earthquake catalogues. We identified a total number of 743 earthquakes occurring at the western part of the SWIR and calculated the body-wave magnitudes ( m b ) from P -wave amplitude picks on the VNA2 broad-band sensor obtaining a magnitude range from m b 3.18 to m b 5.34. In the years of 2001, 2004, 2005 and 2008, significantly increased event rates indicated four earthquake swarms with up to 164 events lasting for several days. All swarms had strong events registered in the International Seismological Centre catalogue. The relocalization of these events confirmed that all swarms occurred in the same region on the Orthogonal Supersegment. We analysed event and moment release rate histories, b -values and aftershock decay rates (Modified Omori Law) finding that the swarms of 2001, 2004 and 2005 have similarities in the temporal distribution of seismic moment and event numbers. The swarm of 2008 is smaller with high magnitude events at the swarm's onset which represent shear failure on normal faults. The application of the Modified Omori Law and the b -value show that the earthquakes of the swarms do not follow the classical main shock–aftershock pattern of purely tectonic earthquake sequences. At the Orthogonal Supersegment, a continuous positive magnetic anomaly along the rift axis, a negative mantle Bouguer anomaly, basalts at the seafloor and potentially volcanic edifices indicate robust magmatic crustal accretion. The high-resolution bathymetry shows ubiquitous rift-parallel ridges with steep flanks towards the rift axis indicating high-angle normal faults. The high-magnitude earthquakes detected teleseismically during the swarms are generated there. We interpret that the swarms are caused by magmatic accretion episodes at a suggested volcanic centre of the Orthogonal Supersegment and that possible magma injection activates the steeply dipping fault planes.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 4
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    Teleseismic earthquake swarms at ultraslow spreading ridges: indicator for dyke intrusions? (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-22
    Description: SUMMARY Earthquakes at mid-ocean ridges reflect the active magmatic and tectonic processes that form new oceanic crust. Studies of large earthquakes observed on land and smaller earthquakes observed locally or regionally by ocean bottom seismometers or autonomous underwater hydrophones have greatly contributed to our understanding of the structure and active spreading processes at the mid-ocean ridges of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean opening with velocities in excess of 25 mm yr –1 . At spreading rates below 20 mm yr –1 full rate, the appearance and the accretion processes of mid-ocean ridges undergo fundamental changes as the melt supply is drastically reduced. The active spreading processes at these so-called ultraslow spreading ridges are still poorly known, as the main representatives, the Arctic Ridge System and the Southwest Indian Ridge, are poorly accessible and neither autonomous underwater hydrophone nor ocean bottom seismometer records of local seismicity are available. In an attempt to compare on a large scale the accretion style of ultraslow spreading ridge sections, I analyse the teleseismically recorded seismicity in 11 sections of the Arctic Ridge System and the Southwest Indian Ridge spanning altogether 7200 km. Epicentres located within 30–35 km of the rift axis were extracted from the catalogue of the International Seismological Centre for a time period of 35 yr. On the basis of a single-link cluster analysis, I identified 27 swarms with eight or more events. These swarms occur almost exclusively at centres of focussed magmatism suggesting that the swarms are probably initiated by magmatism. Normal faults along several tens of kilometres surrounding the volcanic centres react in large earthquakes ( M 〉 5) to dyke emplacement. The routine generation of large earthquakes in the cold, brittle lithosphere of ultraslow spreading ridges makes the teleseismic record a valuable means to study ultraslow accretion processes and to provide a global framework for the interpretation of the limited local and regional seismicity studies.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 5
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    Seismicity and active tectonic processes in the ultra-slow spreading Lena Trough, Arctic Ocean (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-22
    Description: SUMMARY With its remote location in the ice-covered Fram Strait, Lena Trough is a poorly known segment of the global mid-ocean ridge system. It is a prominent member of the ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridges but its spreading mechanisms are not well understood. We relocalized teleseismically recorded earthquakes from the past five decades to identify tectonic processes in Lena Trough and the adjacent Spitsbergen Fracture Zone (FZ). During two cruises with RV Polarstern in 2008 and 2009 we deployed seismic arrays on ice floes to record the local seismicity of Lena Trough. We could identify and localize microseismic events which we assume to be present in the entire rift valley. In contrast, our relocalization of teleseismically recorded earthquakes shows an asymmetric epicentre distribution along Lena Trough with earthquakes occurring predominately along the western valley flanks of Lena Trough. In 2009 February/March, several high-magnitude earthquakes peaking in an M b 6.6 event occurred in an outside-corner setting of the Spitsbergen FZ. This is the strongest earthquake which has ever been recorded in Fram Strait and its location at the outside-corner high of the ultra-slow spreading ridge is exceptional. Comparing the seismicity with the magnetic anomalies and high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, we divide Lena Trough in a symmetrically spreading northern part and an asymmetrically spreading southern part south of the South Lena FZ. We propose that a complex interaction between the former De Geer Megashear zone, which separated Greenland from Svalbard starting at Late Mesozoic/Early Cenozoic times, and the developing rift in the southern Lena Trough resulted an increasing eastward dislocation towards the Spitsbergen FZ between older spreading axes and the recent active spreading axis which we believe to be located west of the bathymetric rift valley flanks in a wide extensional plain.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 6
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    Performance of localization algorithms for teleseismic mid-ocean ridge earthquakes: the 1999 Gakkel Ridge earthquake swarm and its geological interpretation (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-10
    Description: SUMMARY In 1999, an unusual earthquake swarm at the 85°E/85°N volcanic centre on the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean, was detected teleseismically. The swarm lasted over 9 months and counted 252 events with m b ≥ 3.1. It represents the strongest and largest ever recorded mid-ocean ridge earthquake swarm, and it occurred at a site where spreading rates are only about 10 mm yr –1 . We relocated the earthquake swarm comparing the performance of three different localization algorithms: (1) the absolute least-squares routine HYPOSAT, (2) the absolute probabilistic routine NonLinLoc and (3) the relative least-squares routine Mlocate. The epicentres as calculated by each algorithm mostly did not agree within their error ellipses. Thus, the choice of location algorithm proved more critical than, for example, the choice of a local velocity model. We compiled a set of well-localized events which closely agree in at least two routines, mostly Mlocate and NonLinLoc. We conclude that the earthquake swarm of 1999 was related to a spreading episode and shows a complex interplay of tectonic and magmatic events. Our geological interpretation revealed three phases in swarm activity: In the first phase from January 17 up to February 1 fracturing of the crust took place, either as a result of or enabling magmatic intrusion. Seismicity in the second phase from February 2 to April 6 expanded along- and across axis. It showed signs of magmatic interaction, but a clear dyke migration pattern is absent. At the beginning of the third phase, a distinct break in the event rate suggested a change in the physical process, either an adjustment of the stress field to the new regime or a transition to an effusive stage.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 7
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    Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-27
    Description: Roughly 60% of the Earth's outer surface is composed of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges. Although only a small fraction of this vast volcanic terrain has been visually surveyed or sampled, the available evidence suggests that explosive eruptions are rare on mid-ocean ridges, particularly at depths below the critical point for seawater (3,000 m). A pyroclastic deposit has never been observed on the sea floor below 3,000 m, presumably because the volatile content of mid-ocean-ridge basalts is generally too low to produce the gas fractions required for fragmenting a magma at such high hydrostatic pressure. We employed new deep submergence technologies during an International Polar Year expedition to the Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Basin at 85 degrees E, to acquire photographic and video images of 'zero-age' volcanic terrain on this remote, ice-covered ridge. Here we present images revealing that the axial valley at 4,000 m water depth is blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, including bubble wall fragments (limu o Pele), covering a large (〉10 km(2)) area. At least 13.5 wt% CO(2) is necessary to fragment magma at these depths, which is about tenfold the highest values previously measured in a mid-ocean-ridge basalt. These observations raise important questions about the accumulation and discharge of magmatic volatiles at ultraslow spreading rates on the Gakkel ridge and demonstrate that large-scale pyroclastic activity is possible along even the deepest portions of the global mid-ocean ridge volcanic system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sohn, Robert A -- Willis, Claire -- Humphris, Susan -- Shank, Timothy M -- Singh, Hanumant -- Edmonds, Henrietta N -- Kunz, Clayton -- Hedman, Ulf -- Helmke, Elisabeth -- Jakuba, Michael -- Liljebladh, Bengt -- Linder, Julia -- Murphy, Christopher -- Nakamura, Ko-Ichi -- Sato, Taichi -- Schlindwein, Vera -- Stranne, Christian -- Tausenfreund, Maria -- Upchurch, Lucia -- Winsor, Peter -- Jakobsson, Martin -- Soule, Adam -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1236-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07075.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. rsohn@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Geography ; Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; Porifera ; Seawater ; Volcanic Eruptions/*statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Singing icebergs (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-29
    Description: Sustained harmonic tremor signals were recorded by the seismographs of the German Neumayer Base seismological network in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. These tremor episodes, lasting up to 16 hours, were recorded up to 820 kilometers from the source. Their spectra show narrow peaks with fundamental frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 6 hertz, more than 30 integer harmonic overtones, and frequency gliding, resembling volcanic tremor. Frequency-wave number analysis suggested a moving source, which was recognized as iceberg B-09A traveling along the coast of eastern Antarctica. The most probable tremor sources are fluid-flow-induced vibrations inside the iceberg's tunnel/crevasse systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muller, Christian -- Schlindwein, Vera -- Eckstaller, Alfons -- Miller, Heinrich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 25;310(5752):1299.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉FIELAX Gesellschaft fur wissenschaftliche, Datenverarbeitung mbH, Schifferstrasse 10-14, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Seismic Arrays on Drifting Ice Floes: Experiences from Four Deployments in the Arctic Ocean (2011)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-01
    Description: INTRODUCTION In the last three decades our knowledge about the seismic structure and the seismicity of the world's oceans has increased tremendously through the common availability of ocean bottom seismometers for active and passive seismic studies (e.g., Orcutt et al. 1976; Toomey et al. 1985; Tolstoy et al. 2008). The safe recovery of the instruments is essential to access the acquired data. Comparable studies of the polar oceans do not exist, because the perennial sea-ice cover in polar regions prevents a safe recovery of ocean bottom instruments. Hence, the seismic structure and the earthquake activity of large parts of the Arctic Ocean, including the Gakkel Ridge, one of the most prominent members of ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridges ( 〈 20 mm/y full rate; Dick et al. 2003), are largely unknown. Mounting conventional land seismometers on drifting sea ice is the only way to acquire seismic data in the Arctic Ocean. The difficult access to the survey area, which requires icebreaking vessels and helicopters, and the cold temperatures and a constantly moving seismometer platform, represent highly unsuitable survey conditions. However, Kristoffersen et al. (1982) made first attempts at recording regional earthquakes in the Arctic by attaching a sonobuoy array to an ice floe. Jokat et al. (2003) demonstrated that the acquisition of refraction seismic data is possible with seismic stations mounted on drifting ice floes. Okal and MacAyeal (2006) report on a deployment of seismometers on icebergs in Antarctica recording a variety of ice-induced (cryogenic) signals (MacAyeal et al. 2009). We deployed seismic arrays on drifting sea ice during four expeditions in 2001, 2007, 2008, and 2009, recording local and regional earthquakes along Gakkel Ridge. In addition, the records contained many sorts of cryogenic signals ("icequakes") stemming possibly from collisions...
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 10
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    Seismicity and structure of the 85{degrees}E volcanic complex at the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge from local earthquake tomography (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Description: Accretion mechanisms at ultraslow spreading ridges are still only poorly understood due to difficult survey conditions for seismic experiments at these ridges. Melts gets focused in distinct magmatic centres, with thin crust in between. At the 85°E/85°N volcanic complex at Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean, where a recent spreading episode has been observed, perennial sea ice cover challenges traditional investigations of seismic structure and microseismicity. We used an unusual survey set-up to gather seismological data during 16 d in 2007 July, using seismometer arrays mounted on ice floes. Despite only 12 stations, the drift of the ice floes over the survey area resulted in a multitude of crossing rays in the rift valley. The data included 303 microearthquakes of which 248 events could be confidently located. We compiled a 1-D velocity model by localizing a subset of these earthquakes with a suite of randomly created velocity models. In this model, the Moho is placed at 7 km depth below seafloor, inferring a thick, basaltic crust. Using 124 events which were recorded by at least two arrays, we inverted for P -wave velocity structure in a local earthquake tomography. Resolution tests indicate reliable results in the central rift valley, illuminating the thermal structure underneath the Asgard volcanic chain in the aftermath of its most recent spreading episode. Our results show microearthquake activity down to 16 km beneath seafloor, inferring a cold lithosphere. Most hypocentres cluster at the centre of the rift valley at the site of the Asgard volcanic chain. This may mean that existing thermal models for this class of ridges have to be refined. An area of decreased seismic velocities crosses the rift valley at this location and microearthquake activity is located at its eastern fringe where the velocity gradient is highest. We therefore speculate that the reduced velocities may be caused by warm intruded material and that the observed seismicity predominatly reflects the relaxation of thermal stresses following recent intrusion.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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