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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species composition and soil erosion on a ski area in Hokkaido, northern Japan (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Distance from forest edge ; Ski area ; Slope gradient ; Principal component analysis ; Soil erosion ; Vegetation cover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1986 and 1987, a study on factors governing revegetation on ski grounds was conducted at Teine ski ground (built in 1971) located near the city of Sapporo in northern Japan. Soil movement, slope gradient, distance from forest edge, vegetation cover, and number of species on the ski ground were examined. Although artificial sowing of exotic plants was undertaken in the whole ground surface at the time of opening, bare land occurred in ca. 50% of surveyed plots and the ski ground was mostly covered with native plants. The number of species was positively correlated to vegetation cover, which was low in the sites where intensive soil erosions occurred in winter. A principal component analysis of plant species distinguished three major groups of factors, i.e., vegetation cover (first axis, contribution rate 30.3%), soil erosion in winter and slope gradient (second, 23.1%), and distance from forest edge (third, 16.3%). The vegetation characteristics on the ski ground were not determined by a single environmental gradient but by the combination of factors described above. In particular, soil movements, which are mostly derived from snowmelt, are considered to be the initiator of vegetation changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394037
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ski slope vegetation in central Honshu, Japan (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental management 19 (1995), S. 773-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Exotic species ; Landscape fragmentation ; Native plants ; Ski area ; Ski slope vegetation ; Vegetation cover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To determine the status of the vegetation of ski slopes in northeastern-central Honshu, Japan, 94 plots (2×2 m) were set up on five ski areas (101–520 m elevation) which were established between 1945 and 1985 by forest clear-cutting, land modification, and seeding. Six vegetation types were recognized: five grasslands dominated byDigitaria adscendens, Miscanthus sinensis, Zoysia japonica, Festuca rubra, andPteridium aquilinum var.latiusculum, respectively, and bare areas of very low to no vegetation cover. Of the dominant species,F. rubra is the only introduced species; it does not, however, appear to persist. After the introduced grassland declinesM. sinensis or annual grasslands develop. Native plants, especially woody species, can establish inM. sinensis grassland but do not establish in the other grasslands. It is concluded that the introduction of exotic species is inappropriate to maintain ski slope vegetation, and the development ofM. sinensis grassland is desirable to promote natural revegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471959
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vegetation structure in gullies developed by the melting of ice wedges along Kolyma River, northern Siberia (1999)
    Springer
    Ecological research 14 (1999), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: gully ; ice wedge ; Kolyma River ; Siberia ; vegetation classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vegetation structure was surveyed in gullies developed by the melting of ice wedges along the Kolyma River, northern Siberia, using 72–50 × 50 cm plots. The mean total plant cover was approximately 50% on gley soils, which were only distributed in the gullies. Based on twinspan cluster analysis, four vegetation types were recognized: (i) Agrostis purpurascens grassland with Ceratodon purpureus moss carpet; (ii) Matricaria matricarioides forbland; (iii) Chamaenerium angustifolium and M. matricarioides forbland; and (iv) Descurainia sophia grassland. Species that produce seeds capable of long-distance dispersal established well. Of the environmental factors surveyed, the gully scales (height and width) and elevational difference within a plot were primarily related to the vegetation development. The gully height was correlated with soil pH and compaction that might be related to intensities of ground surface disturbances. Agrostis purpurascens established in large gullies, while Equisetum arvense and Salix alaxensis established in small gullies. Soil compaction was also related to the vegetation establishment patterns (e.g. Rumex sibirica did not establish on hard soils). We concluded that the gully scales primarily determine soil conditions, including ground surface instability as a function of slope and soil compaction, and subsequent community structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.1999.00316.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ski slope vegetation at Snoqualmie Pass, Washington State, USA, and a comparison with ski slope vegetation in temperate coniferous forest zones (1998)
    Springer
    Ecological research 13 (1998), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ; moisture gradient ; ski slope vegetation ; Twinspan ; Washington State ; wetland habitat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ski slope vegetation at Snoqualmie Pass in Washington State, USA, was surveyed in order to identify community types and to compare it with vegetation development patterns in Japan. Ski slopes in Japan, most of which were constructed after 1960, underwent heavy land recontouring, while those at Snoqualmie Pass were constructed before 1950 with less modification. Three points apply to Japanese ski slope vegetation and differentiate these slopes from those at Snoqualmie Pass: (i) grasslands of introduced species are widespread and persistent; (ii) unvegetated patches are uncommon; and (iii) wetland vegetation has developed. These differences are mainly derived from the intensity of human impact, history of the slope and its scale: namely, ski slopes in Washington are older and larger than those in Japan. Ski slope vegetation in Washington was primarily differentiated by a soil moisture gradient. The large size of Washington ski slopes permitted the inclusion and development of wetland habitats, whereas most ski slopes in Japan are constructed on ridges and do not contain wetlands. Most introduced species in Japan are eliminated soon after seeding. In contrast, the long-term management of ski slopes decreased soil erosion and/or unvegetated patches in Washington and created relatively permanent grasslands composed of introduced species. Tsuga heterophylla and Abies amabilis were found established on the ski slopes in Washington, whereas in Japan the pioneer tree species are shade-intolerant broadleaved species. These differences may be a result of the different disturbance histories of ski slopes in the two countries. In addition, along with the conifers, early successional forbs such as Anaphalis margaritacea and Epilobium angustifolium are well established on Washington ski slopes. Results show that disturbances created by ski slope development greatly affect the vegetation, even on older, less heavily impacted ski slopes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.1998.00249.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary study on grassy marshland vegetation, western part of Sichuan province, China, in relation to yak-grazing (1990)
    Springer
    Ecological research 5 (1990), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02346997
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buried seed populations on the volcano Mt. Usu, northern Japan, ten years after the 1977–78 eruptions (1989)
    Springer
    Ecological research 4 (1989), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Buried seed populations ; Diversity ; Former vegetation ; Mt. Usu ; Volcano
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1987, a study on buried seed populations was conducted in the crater basin of Mt. Usu, a volcano located in northern Japan, where the vegetation had beeen almost completely destroyed by eruptions in 1977 and 1978. The former vegetation had consisted of grassland and broad-leaved forest. In the areas formerly occupied by this grassland and forest, 2128.0 and 1985.3 seeds per square meter, respectively, were extracted from 12 blocks of the former topsoil using a floattion method. This revealed that many seeds were still viable even after ten years of burial under thick volcanic deposits. The seeds were distributed more in sandy soil than in rocky soil of the former topsoil. Twenty-five species, most of which favored grassland, were detected in both the former grassland and forest. From comparison of α-and β-diversities between the grassland and forest, the structure of the buried seed population was considered likely to have been more diverse in the forest than in the grassland. The determinants of composition of the buried seed populations were discussed with reference to the former vegetation and soil characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347149
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Canonical correspondence analysis of early volcanic succession on Mt Usu, Japan (1994)
    Springer
    Ecological research 9 (1994), S. 143-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: buried ropsoil ; canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ; erosion ; succession ; Mt Usu
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Canonical correspondece analysis (CCA) was applied to explore revegetation patterns during early succession on Mt Usu. Vegetation was buried by deposits of ash and pumice from 1 to 3 m in depth from the 1977–78 eruptions. Three habitats were selected: tephra, tephra in gully and original surface. Plant density and plant cover data were analyzed separately. Environmental factors consisted of five quanticative variables (organic matter, elevation, distance from colonizing source, erosion and deposition of volcanic deposits) and three nominal variables (habitat types: tephra, tephra in gully and original surface). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the original surface played a special role in vegetation development because the old topsoil supplied both nutrients and seed-bank species. The CCA also suggested that the environmental factors that influence plant density and cover differ. Distance from colonizing source affected plant density while erosion affected cover. Using CCA, factors could be distinguished that influenced seedling establishment from vegetation expansion and vegetation recovery dynamics could also be more clearly interpreted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347489
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tree regeneration patterns on Mount Usu, northern Japan, since the 1977–78 eruptions (1996)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 126 (1996), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Betula platyphylla var. Japonica ; Populus maximowiczii ; herbivore ; neighbor effect ; stem growth ; vegetative regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although the summit of Mount Usu was deforested by the 1977–78 eruptions, vegetative regeneration on the caldera rim was rapid due to the erosion of thick volcanic deposits by snow and rain. To obtain the mechanisms underlying regeneration patterns after the eruptions, we monitored the growth of permanently-marked stems from 1983 to 1990. Regeneration was from resprouting-branches buried in the volcanic deposits on the caldera rim, while on the crater basin, where thick volcanic deposits accumulated, regeneration was from seedlings. The seedling regeneration lagged approximately 3 years behind vegetative regeneration. Stem densities averaged 14,000 ha-1 in the vegetatively-regenerated community on the caldera rim, and 28,000 ha-1 in the seedling regeneration on the crater basin. Populus maximowiczii accounted for ca. 75% of total stems on the caldera rim, while P. maximowiczii accounted for ca. 30% on the crater basin where Salix integra and Betula platyphylla var. japonica were also common. In both stands, immigration and mortality rates were very low. The growth of vegetatively regenerated stems expressed as stem height and diameter was significantly faster than that of stems grown from seedlings. Herbivory damage on the terminal shoots of tall stems was restricted on the caldera rim and was restricted for B. platyphylla var. japonica on the crater basin, perhaps due to fast growth supporting herbivore avoidance or low palatability. Height growth was restricted when neighbors established in close proximity, especially in the seedling-regenerated forest. The results suggest that vegetative regeneration is rapid due to three mechanisms: 1) faster plant growth; 2) herbivore avoidance; and 3) decreased interference by neighboring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045604
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species diversities analyzed by density and cover in an early volcanic succession (1996)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 122 (1996), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Cover ; Density ; Diversity ; Succession ; Volcano
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate alpha diversities, various variables such as density, cover, volume, and weight have been used. However, density is often a distinct variable from the remaining three. To clarify differences in diversity measured by those two kinds of variables, the data collected in fourteen 2×5 m permanently-marked plots on Mount Usu, Japan, which erupted during 1977 and 1978 in growing seasons from 1983 to 1989 was analyzed, using Shannon's species diversity (H′) that is represented as a result of combination of species richness and evenness (J′). H′ and J′ were evaluated by density (density H′ and J′) and cover (cover H′ and J′). Cover H′ and J′ were significantly lower than density H′ and J′, indicating that cover H′ has different characteristics from density H′. Those differences are due to differences in evenness, because species richness is the same. The rank orders of species density are different from those of cover. The predominance of a few perennial herbs greatly decreases cover evenness, while seedling establishment success influences density evenness. Therefore, I propose that, during the early stages of succession on harsh environments such as volcanoes, density diversity represents seedling establishment success rate while cover diversity expresses vegetative reproduction success rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044697
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of plants recovering on the volcano Usu, northern Japan, since the eruptions of 1977 and 1978 (1987)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 73 (1987), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Buried seed ; Immigration ; Revegetation ; Succession ; Tephra ; Vegetative reproduction ; Volcanic eruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vegetation near the summit of the volcano Usu was destroyed during eruptions in 1977 and 1978 by 1–3 m thick layers of volcanic deposits. Thereafter, the vegetation gradually recovered and by 1984 134 plant species were recognized of which 95 species had established by vegetative reproduction, 18 by seed immigration from elsewhere, 5 by artificial introduction for soil erosion control and 17 species from viable seeds buried in the former topsoil. The summit area was still covered by thick layers of volcanic ash, which were however rapidly eroded by rains. Vegetatively reproducing plants such as Petasites japonicus var. giganteus and Polygonum sachalense contribute more effectively to the revegetation process than plants of other types of origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00031851
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