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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Brussels : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
    Associated volumes
    Call number: PIK N 454-97-0018 ; M 17.4075
    In: Publication / Commission of the European Communities
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 429 p.
    ISBN: 9282677575
    Series Statement: Publication / Commission of the European Communities EUR 15158 EN
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: PIK Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 13 (1997), S. 649-666 
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  An analysis of blocking events is conducted on the output of four integrations of the ECHAM3 atmospheric general circulation model with different configurations of horizontal spectral truncation and oceanic surface temperatures. The definition of local blocking and sector blocking is obtained by using an objective index based on a measure of the local zonality of the flow. Model variability and systematic errors are assessed and frequency diagrams of different quantities relative to blocking statistical and synoptic properties are produced. Effects of resolution and of physical parametrizations on model performance are considered. All versions of the model show a tendency to underestimate blocking occurrence. Evidence of a different nature of the blocking phenomenon in the Euro-Atlantic and in the Pacific sectors is found. The two sectors are characterized by a different sensitivity of blocking frequency to SST prescription, by a different annual cycle and by a different sensitivity of the distribution of blocking lifetime to model resolution. Euro-Atlantic blocking is found to be more the result of internal dynamics of the flow, while Pacific blocking appears more dependent on the oceanic boundary conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 13 (1997), S. 883-904 
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  To assess the extent to which atmospheric low-frequency variability can be ascribed to internal dynamical causes, two extended runs (1200 winter seasons) of a three level quasi-geostrophic model have been carried out. In the first experiment the model was forced by an average forcing field computed from nine winter seasons; in the second experiment we used a periodically variable forcing in order to simulate a seasonal cycle. The analysis has been focused on the leading Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns, namely the Pacific North American (PNA) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) patterns, and on blocking, both in the Euro-Atlantic and Pacific sectors. The NAO and PNA patterns are realistically simulated by the model; the main difference with observations is a westward shift of the centres of action of the NAO. Related to this, the region of maximum frequency of Atlantic blocking is shifted from the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic to its central part. Apart from this shift, the statistics of blocking frequency and duration compare favourably with their observed counterparts. In particular, the model exhibits a level of interannual and interdecadal variability in blocking frequency which is (at least) as large as the observed one, despite the absence of any variability in the atmospheric energy sources and boundary conditions on such time scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  As a part of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP), the behaviour of 15 general circulation models has been analysed in order to diagnose and compare the ability of the different models in simulating Northern Hemisphere midlatitude atmospheric blocking. In accordance with the established AMIP procedure, the 10-year model integrations were performed using prescribed, time-evolving monthly mean observed SSTs spanning the period January 1979–December 1988. Atmospheric observational data (ECMWF analyses) over the same period have been also used to verify the models results. The models involved in this comparison represent a wide spectrum of model complexity, with different horizontal and vertical resolution, numerical techniques and physical parametrizations, and exhibit large differences in blocking behaviour. Nevertheless, a few common features can be found, such as the general tendency to underestimate both blocking frequency and the average duration of blocks. The problem of the possible relationship between model blocking and model systematic errors has also been assessed, although without resorting to ad-hoc numerical experimentation it is impossible to relate with certainty particular model deficiencies in representing blocking to precise parts of the model formulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 13 (1995), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Seven winters of analyses and forecasts from the operational archives of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast had been previously analyzed to assess the performance of the model in forecasting blocking events. This work updates some of this previous diagnostic work to the last five winters, from 1987/88 to 1991/92. The data set therefore covers all winter seasons (DJF) from 1980/81 to 1991/92, and consists of daily northern hemisphere 500 hPa geopotential height analyses and of the ten corresponding forecasts verifying on the same day (“Lorenz data”). Local blocking and sector blocking have been defined, using different modifications of the original Lejenas and Økland index. The comparison between the first seven and the last five winters, within the restrictions imposed by limited length of the data set, suggests a much improved situation as far as model climatology of blocking is concerned, especially over the Euro-Atlantic region. Operational predictability of blocking as an initial value problem is also shown to be measurably improved, in both Atlantic and Pacific sectors. All such improvements are shown to have taken place together with a considerable reduction of the model systematic error. Nevertheless, forecasting blocking in the medium range remains a difficult task for the model. More work is needed to understand whether the improvements are to be ascribed to the increased model resolution or to better physical parametrisations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 52 (1998), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Pollutant concentrations relative to the years 1993-1995 measured in the Bologna urban area by a network of automatic stations (S.A.R.A. Sistema Automatico di Rilevamento Ambientale) are analysed to estimate the typical behaviour of the pollutants, especially with regard to periodicities and meteorological dependencies and to attempt prediction for the pollutant daily concentration up to a few days using a statistically based model. The results obtained show the presence of a very significant weekly periodicity for all the analysed pollutants. A yearly periodicity has been found only for the primary pollutants analysed. The statistical prediction, using an ARMA model with meteorological variables as transfer functions, shows good predicting capabilities up to one day for carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) and up to two days for nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 36 (1987), S. 91-107 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zyklogenese findet bekanntlich häufig in der Nähe der Hauptgebirgskomplexe der Erde statt. Dennoch wurde bis jetzt in der Literatur noch keine einheitliche und umfassende. Theorie orographischer Zyklogenese angeboten. Wir schlagen hier eine vereinheitlichte Theorie der Zyklogenese bei Vorhandensein einer Orographie mit unterschiedlichen Konfigurationen vor. Die Theorie basiert auf der Verallgemeinerung eines theoretischen Models über die Wechselwirkung von baroklinen Wellen mit der lokalen Orographie. Dieses Modell hat sich kürzlich bei der Erklärung einiger grundlegender Eigenschaften alpiner Zyklogenese als erfolgreich erwiesen (Speranza et al. 1985). Wir betrachten im besonderen die Zyklogenese in der Nähe der Rocky Mountains (sowohl westlich der Kette im Golf von Alaska als auch östlich davon über Nordamerika) und in der Nähe des Himalaya-Tibet-Plateaus. Hinsichtlich der Zyklogenese über dem Golf von Alaska werden auch Ergebnisse von numerischen Experimenten, die mit dem ECMWF-Modell durchgeführt wurden, um die orographischen Effekte unter realistischen Bedingungen zu isolieren, präsentiert und mit den theoretischen Ergebnissen verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Cyclogenesis is known to take place frequently near the principal mountain complexes of the earth. However, a coherent and comprehensive theory of orographic cyclogenesis has never been offered in the literature. We propose here a unified theory of cyclogenesis in the presence of orography of various configurations, based on the generalization of a theoretical model concerning the interaction of baroclinic waves with local orography. This model has recently proved to be successful in accounting for some basic properties of Alpinecyclogenesis (Speranza et al. 1985). We consider, in particular, cyclogenesis in proximity of the Rocky Mountains (both to the west of the ridge, in the Gulf of Alaska, and to the east of it, over North America) and in proximity of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau. With regard to cyclogenesis over the Gulf of Alaska, results of numerical experiments, performed with the ECMWF model in order to isolate the orographic effects in realistic conditions, are also presented and compared with the theoretical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 50 (1992), S. 143-163 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A number of forecast experiments were performed in order to assess the capability of reproducing, by means of a limited-area numerical model, the highly structured mesoscale circulations occurring in the Po Valley of Northern Italy during a north-westerly cold front passage across the Alpine chain, with particular attention to the modelling of the effects of organized convection. The case-study occurred during summer 1987 and the model used throughout was the 1989 version of the UB/NMC Limited Area Model (University of Belgrade, National Meteorological Centre of Washington). The model was integrated both with eta, η, and sigma, ϑ, as vertical coordinates and ECMWF initialized analyses were always used as initial conditions. ECMWF initialized analysis or operational forecast fields were also used for updating in time the lateral boundary conditions. Experiments show qualitative and quantitative agreement with observations, both in upper-air geopotential height fields, in MSLP and in cumulated precipitation. Several modelling issues were also investigated, e.g. sensitivity of the results to horizontal and vertical model resolution and to the influence of the lateral boundaries poitioning, finding large effects of the latter on quantitative precipitation fields. Difficulties in modelling very localized mesoscale phenomena, e.g. organized convective thunderstorms in the Po Valley and Alpine North Foehn in the Milan area, were generally encounted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1984-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0256-1530
    Electronic ISSN: 1861-9533
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1984-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0256-1530
    Electronic ISSN: 1861-9533
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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