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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 128 (1987), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fütterung von Vögeln mit handelsüblichem Futter vor ihrer Freilassung in die Natur ist nicht zu befürworten. Handelsübliche Futtermischungen wurden entwickelt, um maximales Wachstum mit besonderer Betonung des Muskelwachstums zu erzielen. Sie sind im allgemeinen sehr gut verdaulich und enthalten hohe Nährstoffkonzentrationen; daher entwickelt sich der Darm nur unzureichend. Vögel, die nur handelsübliche Futtermischungen erhalten, werden außerdem kaum in der Lage sein, natürliche Nahrungsquellen zu erkennen. Die Nahrung freilebender Pflanzenfresser ist für gewöhnlich weniger gut verdaulich und hat einen geringen Nährstoffgehalt. So ist in den meisten Fällen ein vielseitiges Nahrungsangebot für das Überleben entscheidend. Um die Ernährung zu sichern, müssen viel mehr Ballaststoffe aufgenommen werden als in kommerziellen Futtermischungen enthalten sind. Die Anatomie des Verdauungstraktes ist an die natürliche Nahrungswahl angepaßt und verändert sich als plastisches System mit der Eigenschaft der aufgenommenen Nahrung. Bei der Aufzucht zur Freilassung ist die Beachtung der Wechselwirkung zwischen Eigenschaften der Nahrung, der Entwicklung des Verdauungssystems und den Komponenten des Verhaltens beim Nahrungserswerb von größter Wichtigkeit. Jungvögel müssen daher auch mit Futterrationen geringen Nährstoffgehaltes gefüttert werden, um in Freiheit reelle Überlebenschancen zu haben. Vögel, die mit Wildfutter aufgezogen werden, lernen dadurch auch, Nahrungsquellen nach ihrem Nährwert zu unterscheiden. Dieser Aspekt im Verhalten ist für das Überleben in Freiheit ebenso wichtig wie ein ausreichend entwickelter Darm. Freilebende Pflanzenfresser sind einem großen Spektrum von Mykotoxinen ausgesetzt, die vom Körper metabolisiert werden müssen. Enzymketten müssen dafür aktiviert werden. Die Fütterung von Naturfutter vor der Freilassung schafft daher auch die nötigen Bedingungen für den Stoffwechsel, mit diesen zusätzlichen Belastungen fertig zu werden. Man sollte also magere, die effizient ihre Nahrung suchen können, nicht groß oder fette Individuen aufziehen. Handelsübliche Futtermischungen einzusetzen, ist zwar ökonomisch wesentlich günstiger; will man jedoch freilebende Populationen aufbauen, dürfen Kosten und Arbeitsaufwand nicht die allein entscheidenden Faktoren sein. Die Entscheidung, ob entsprechende Maßnahmen ökonomisch und ökologisch sinnvoll waren, wird allein von der Lebenserwartung der ausgesetzten Vögel in Freiheit bestimmt, nicht durch die Zahl von freigelassenen Individuen mit scheinbar guter Kondition.
    Notes: Summary Raising captive species of birds on commercial, concentrated feeds prior to release in wild environments may preclude the success of such reintroductions. Interactions must occur between the components of a diet, foraging behaviours and the morphological development of the alimentary tract of young birds. It is vital to precondition the digestive system to the types of wild foods each bird will encounter in its wild habitat in order for reintroduction programmes to succeed. Commercial type rations, while producing rapid and efficient body growth, may not condition the digestive system to the bulky, more fibrous, and less digestible foods birds will encounter after release. They certainly do not encourage optimal foraging behaviours and reinforce specific appetitive behaviours. Herbivorous species which consume appreciable amounts of secondary compounds with their food should be given these compounds so that the enzyme system involved with metabolizing them can be activated before release to the wild.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5192
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rhabdometra lygodaptrion n.sp. from the small intestine of Lagopus lagopus albus (willow ptarmigan) taken at Cape Henrietta Maria, northern Ontario, Canada, is proposed. R. lygodaptrion is most similar to R. alpinensis, R. nullicollis and R. tomica but is shorter than all these three species and the cuticularized vaginal lining is characteristic. R. lygodaptrion differs from R. alpinensis in having a thicker, more robust cirrus sac and a larger number of testes and in lacking a vaginal sphincter. R. tomica and R. nullicollis have a pear-shaped cirrus pouch which narrows distally while that of R. lygodaptrion is equally wide along its length. In additon, R. nullicollis has a vaginal sphincter and an elongate, sinuous paruterine organ, which in R. lygodaptrion, is wider and more cone-shaped. R. tomica has fewer testes. The ecology and possible geographical isolation of the population of L. lagopus albus at Cape Henrietta Maria is briefly discussed. ac]19790703
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-05-25
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Electronic ISSN: 1654-7209
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-06-24
    Print ISSN: 2190-4707
    Electronic ISSN: 2190-4715
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1997-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0963-2719
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-7015
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Philosophy
    Published by White Horse Press
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1996-12-01
    Description: SummaryMany years of waterfowl hunting have added thousands of tonnes of lead shot to European wetlands. Effective and non-toxic substitutes for lead shot have been developed and are commercially available throughout Europe, but few nations (Denmark, Finland, Norway and the Netherlands) have statutory requirements for their use. Governments can induce hunters to use non-toxic shot by regulatory measures and/or non-regulatory steps, but economic incentives to increase the affordability of lead-free shot have never been used by any nation and might be politically inappropriate. Educational programmes to increase the hunting public's understanding of the poisoning problem, and to provide accurate information on the non-toxic shot, are the best long-term way for governments to focus their spending and induce change, whether on a voluntary or regulated basis. Each of the six nations which has moved to end lead poisoning of waterfowl has adopted a regulatory approach, but these nations have acted independently of each other, and yet the use of non-toxic shot should apply to all countries of a flyway.Several European treaty and policy precedents could form the basis of a pan-European regulation requiring the use of non-toxic shot. A proposal to eliminate the use of lead shot in wetlands has been made under the Bonn and Bern Conventions. An European Union-USA proposal to reduce the use of different categories of lead under an Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development Council Act has been made, but has deleted an earlier recommendation that lead shot be included. The substitution of lead shot by nontoxic alternatives is also consistent with the European Council Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds of 1979. The passing of a European Council regulation, stipulating the minimal acceptable standards for shot used for waterfowl hunting, is seen as the most effective way to remediate this transboundary toxic problem. This type of action by the European Union, while recognizing the Principle of Subsidiarity, would still allow other member states to enact more rigorous legislation pertaining to the use of lead shot within their jurisdiction, as have Denmark and the Netherlands. Although responsibility to enact and enforce a European Council regulation is the prerogative of each member state, a single regulation would promote consistency of action amongst all states.
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1994-01-01
    Description: Hunter ‘crippling losses’, or unretrieved kill, probably range from 20% to 40% of all ducks hit by gunfire. However, this major mortality factor in duck populations has been largely ignored by waterfowl policymakers and managers. An economic analysis of ‘crippling losses’ for prairie Canada and the USA was conducted, based on 1992 harvest statistics. The analysis is based on current levels of spending on habitat programmes designed to bolster declining North American duck populations, with reference to the North American Waterfowl Management Plan.
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-01-04
    Description: This review presents evidence of lead exposure and toxicity to wildlife and humans from spent shotgun and rifle ammunition and fishing weights, and the barriers and bridges to completing the transition to non-lead products. Despite the international availability of effective non-lead substitutes, and that more jurisdictions are adopting suitable policies and regulations, a broader transition to non-lead alternatives is prevented because resolution remains divided among disparate human user constituencies. Progress has occurred only where evidence is most compelling or where a responsible public authority with statutory powers has managed to change mindsets in the wider public interest. Arguments opposing lead bans are shown to lack validity. Differing national regulations impede progress, requiring analysis to achieve better regulation. Evidence that lead bans have reduced wildlife exposure should be used more to promote sustainable hunting and fishing. Evidence of the lead contribution from hunted game to human exposure should shape policy and regulation to end lead ammunition use. The Special Issue presents evidence that a transition to non-lead products is both warranted and feasible.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Electronic ISSN: 1654-7209
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-08
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Electronic ISSN: 1654-7209
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-03-20
    Description: To analyse those factors that inhibit or facilitate the shift from lead to non-lead ammunition, it is important to evaluate the extent to which hunters can purchase suitable non-lead products. Based on an Internet search, we identified 22 European and 6 North American manufactures of non-lead shot cartridges distributed in 10 different countries. During the web search, we found non-lead shot cartridges available in retail stores with online sales of these products in 22 of 29 European countries. The most common non-lead shot type was steel shot, although bismuth, tungsten and copper were available in some countries. We conclude that non-lead shot cartridges are available to purchasers in most European countries, but in a limited variety. Availability of non-lead ammunition is not limited by production but by the demand at the national, regional, and local levels. Multiple manufacturers provide such ammunition, and their products may become available in any member state, regionally and locally, once the demand is established. The collective experience of Denmark, Canada, and the USA indicate that the demand for non-lead products will be stimulated by any intergovernmental initiatives to regulate lead ammunition for hunting and target shooting, especially when such initiatives are accomplished through well-enforced national regulation.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Electronic ISSN: 1654-7209
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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