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Expression of the maize GALACTINOL SYNTHASE gene family: (I) Expression of two different genes during seed development and germination (2004)

Zhao, Tian-Yong ; Thacker, Richard ; Corum, J. Willis ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers

Physiologia plantarum 121 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: GALACTINOL SYNTHASE (GOLS) acts on UDP-galactose and myo-inositol to form galactinol. The production of galactinol is thought to be the committed step in the biosynthesis of the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), a group of carbohydrates hypothesized to play a number of roles in plant development. Three cDNAs for maize (Zea mays L. inbred line B73) GOLS (ZmGOLS) were identified from the Pioneer Hi-Bred expressed sequence database. The recombinant proteins from these cDNAs synthesize galactinol. Transcript amounts in developing and germinating seeds were determined using northern blot, ribonuclease protection assays, and multiplex RT-PCR. ZmGOLS1 mRNA was not detected in any of the tissues examined. ZmGOLS3 transcripts accumulated late during seed development and were present in mature seeds but declined quickly to undetectable amounts following imbibition. Experiments in which germination was interrupted by desiccation, but not by cold, heat, or salt stress, detected ZmGOLS2 transcripts. Soluble sugar amounts and GALACTINOL SYNTHASE activity were determined for developing maize seeds as well as for mature seeds during germination and upon stress during germination. Neither enzyme activity nor galactinol or raffinose quantities could be related to ZmGOLS transcript abundance. Galactinol amounts were most closely related to myo-inositol quantities during development and early germination. Maturation desiccation appears to be a switch delineating a realm of expression for ZmGOLS3, predominant during seed development, from that of ZmGOLS2, principally associated with post-imbibition dehydration stress.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00367.x

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2,3-Dihydrofarnesoic acid, a unique terpene from trichomes ofLycopersicon hirsutum, repels spider mites (1993)

Snyder, John C. ; Guo, Zhenhua ; Thacker, Richard ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2981-2997

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; host resistance ; Tetranychusurticae ; Acari ; antixenosis ; sesquiterpene ; trichomes ; allomone ; 3,7,11-trimethyl-6,10-dodecadienoic acid ; farnesoic acid ; 2,3-dihydrofarnesoic acid

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Lycopersicon hirsutum, a wild relative of the tomato, is highly resistant to arthropod herbivores. Both botanic forms ofL. hirsutum, L. hirsutum f.glabratum (C.H. Mull.) andL. hirsutum f.typicum (Humb. & Bonpl.), are resistant to two-spotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae Koch. However, leaves and trichome secretions from f.typicum repel mites more so than those from f.glabratum. We have previously demonstrated that trichome secretions from LA 1363 and LA 1927, accessions of f.typicum, repelled mites. In this paper we report the identification of the primary component of trichome secretions responsible for repellency. Leaflet washes having compositions similar to trichome secretions were collected and separated into neutral and acid fractions; repellency was mainly associated with the acid fraction, which, when applied to nonrepellent leaflets of f.glabratum, rendered them repellent. Separation of leaflet washes by HPLC allowed purification and subsequent identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance of 2,3-dihydrofamesoic acid (3,7,11-trimethyl-6, 10-dodecadienoic acid) as the primary chemical component responsible for repellency. Application of this acid to leaflets ofL. esculentum rendered them repellent. Other volatile compounds present in minor amounts in the acid fractions were farnesoic acid and 16∶0, 16∶3, 18∶0, 18∶2, and 18∶3 fatty acids. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of 2,3-dihydrofarnesoic acid.