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  • 1
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    The application of integrated knowledge-based systems for the Biomedical Risk Assessment Intelligent Network (BRAIN) (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: One of NASA's goals for long duration space flight is to maintain acceptable levels of crew health, safety, and performance. One way of meeting this goal is through BRAIN, an integrated network of both human and computer elements. BRAIN will function as an advisor to mission managers by assessing the risk of inflight biomedical problems and recommending appropriate countermeasures. Described here is a joint effort among various NASA elements to develop BRAIN and the Infectious Disease Risk Assessment (IDRA) prototype. The implementation of this effort addresses the technological aspects of knowledge acquisition, integration of IDRA components, the use of expert systems to automate the biomedical prediction process, development of a user friendly interface, and integration of IDRA and ExerCISys systems. Because C language, CLIPS and the X-Window System are portable and easily integrated, they were chosen ss the tools for the initial IDRA prototype.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: 5th Annual Workshop on Space Operations Applications and Research (SOAR 1991), Volume 2; p 522-528
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  • 2
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    Immune changes in humans concomitant with space flights of up to 10 days duration (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The time relation of various classes of in-flight human physiological changes is illustrated. Certain problems, such as neurovestibular, fluid, and electrolyte imbalances tend to occur early in a flight, followed by stabilization at some microgravity equilibrium level. Cardiovascular dysfunctions and erythrocyte mass losses appear to follow a similar pattern, although the significant changes occur later in flight. Bone and calcium changes and radiation effects are thought to progressively worsen with time, whereas the time course of immune change is yet to be fully understood. Significant immunologic changes in cosmonauts and astronauts during and after space flight have been documented as have microbiological changes. Thus, space flight can be expected to effect a blunting of the human cellular immune mechanism concomitant with a relative increase in potentially pathogenic microorganisms. This combination would seem to increase the probability of infectious disease events in flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: International Union of Physiological Sciences, The Physiologist, Volume 36, Number 1, Supplement; 4 p
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  • 3
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    Effects of microgravity on the immune system (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Changes in resistance to bacterial and viral infections in Apollo crew members has stimulated interest in the study of immunity and space flight. Results of studies from several laboratories in both humans and rodents have indicated alterations after space flight that include the following immunological parameters: thymus size, lymphocyte blastogenesis, interferon and interleukin production, natural killer cell activity, cytotoxic T-cell activity, leukocyte subset population distribution, response of bone marrow cells to colony stimulating factors, and delayed hypersensitivity skin test reactivity. The interactions of the immune system with other physiological systems, including muscle, bone, and the nervous system, may play a major role in the development of these immunological parameters during and after flight. There may also be direct effects of space flight on immune responses.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: SAE PAPER 911515
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  • 4
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    The Application of Integrated Knowledge-based Systems for the Biomedical Risk Assessment Intelligent Network (BRAIN) (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-29
    Description: One of NASA's goals for long duration space flight is to maintain acceptable levels of crew health, safety, and performance. One way of meeting this goal is through the Biomedical Risk Assessment Intelligent Network (BRAIN), an integrated network of both human and computer elements. The BRAIN will function as an advisor to flight surgeons by assessing the risk of in-flight biomedical problems and recommending appropriate countermeasures. This paper describes the joint effort among various NASA elements to develop BRAIN and an Infectious Disease Risk Assessment (IDRA) prototype. The implementation of this effort addresses the technological aspects of the following: (1) knowledge acquisition; (2) integration of IDRA components; (3) use of expert systems to automate the biomedical prediction process; (4) development of a user-friendly interface; and (5) integration of the IDRA prototype and Exercise Countermeasures Intelligent System (ExerCISys). Because the C Language, CLIPS (the C Language Integrated Production System), and the X-Window System were portable and easily integrated, they were chosen as the tools for the initial IDRA prototype. The feasibility was tested by developing an IDRA prototype that predicts the individual risk of influenza. The application of knowledge-based systems to risk assessment is of great market value to the medical technology industry.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington, Technology 2002: The Third National Technology Transfer Conference and Exposition, Volume 1; p 322-331
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  • 5
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    Portable dynamic fundus instrument (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A portable diagnostic image analysis instrument is disclosed for retinal funduscopy in which an eye fundus image is optically processed by a lens system to a charge coupled device (CCD) which produces recordable and viewable output data and is simultaneously viewable on an electronic view finder. The fundus image is processed to develop a representation of the vessel or vessels from the output data.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 6
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    Spaceflight alters immune cell function and distribution (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Experiments are described which were performed onboard Cosmos 2044 to determine spaceflight effects on immunologically important cell function and distribution. Results indicate that bone marrow cells from flown and suspended rats exhibited a decreased response to a granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor compared with the bone marrow cells from control rats. Bone marrow cells showed an increase in the percentage of cells expressing markers for helper T-cells in the myelogenous population and increased percentages of anti-asialo granulocyte/monocyte-1-bearing interleulin-2 receptor bearing pan T- and helper T-cells in the lymphocytic population.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au
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  • 7
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    Effect of spaceflight on natural killer cell activity (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The effects of spaceflight on immune cell function were determined in rats flown on Cosmos 2044. Control groups included vivarium, synchronous, and antiorthostatically suspended rats. The ability of natural killer cells to lyse two different target cell lines was determined. Spleen and bone marrow cells obtained from flight rats showed significantly inhibited cytotoxicity for YAC-1 target cells compared with cells from synchronous control rats. This could have been due to exposure of the rats to microgravity. Antiorthostatic suspension did not affect the level of cytotoxicity from spleen cells of suspended rats for YAC-1 cells. On the other hand, cells from rats flown in space showed no significant differences from vivarium and synchronous control rats in cytotoxicity for K-562 target cells. Binding of natural killer cells to K-562 target cells was unaffected by spaceflight. Antiorthostatic suspension resulted in higher levels of cytotoxicity from spleen cells for Cr-51-labeled K-562 cells. The results indicate differential effects of spaceflight on function of natural killer cells. This shows that spaceflight has selective effects on the immune response.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au
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  • 8
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    Portable Video/Digital Retinal Funduscope (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Lightweight, inexpensive electronic and photographic instrument developed for detection, monitoring, and objective quantification of ocular/systemic disease or physiological alterations of retina, blood vessels, or other structures in anterior and posterior chambers of eye. Operated with little training. Functions with human or animal subject seated, recumbent, inverted, or in almost any other orientation; and in hospital, laboratory, field, or other environment. Produces video images viewed directly and/or digitized for simultaneous or subsequent analysis. Also equipped to produce photographs and/or fitted with adaptors to produce stereoscopic or magnified images of skin, nose, ear, throat, or mouth to detect lesions or diseases.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-21675 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 15; 9; P. 115
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  • 9
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    Intraocular pressure, retinal vascular, and visual acuity changes during 48 hours of 10-deg head-down tilt (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Intraocular pressures, retinal vascular diameters, and visual acuities of nine men, were repeatedly measured while the subjects were tilted 10 deg head-down for 48 h and while they were seated before (baseline), and after the tilt. An immediate increase in intraocular pressure, measured by pneumatonometer was recorded when subjects assumed the head-down position, and diurnal variations in intraocular pressures were observed for the 48 h. The initial and final head-down intraocular pressures were not significantly different. However, when subjects resumed the sitting position, intraocular pressures fell below the initial sitting values. Computer image analysis of the retinal vasculature detected a 6 percent and 2 percent reduction in the caliber of arteries and veins, respectively, as compared with sitting baseline values. No changes in visual acuity were documented during the 48 h of head-down tilt. The data suggest that the choroidal blood reservoir increases in volume over 48 h at continuous head-down position with a compensatory decrease in aqueous volume. These findings may explain intraocular pressure changes noted in astronauts during previous space missions and in studies associated with change in body position.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 61; 810-813
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  • 10
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    Effects of spaceflight on levels and activity of immune cells (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Experiments were carried out on cells from rats that had been flown on Soviet Biosputnik Cosmos 1887 to explore the effects of speceflight on immune responses. Rat bone marrow cells were examined for their response to colony stimulating factor-M. Rat spleen and bone marrow cells were stained with antibodies directed against cell surface antigenic markers. The results of the studies indicate that bone marrow cells from flown rats showed a decreased response to colony stimulating factor. There was a higher percentage of spleen cells from flown rats staining positively for pan-T-cell, suppressor-T-cell, and interleukin-2 receptor cell surface antigens. A small increase in the percentage of cells staining positively for helper-T-cell antigens was also noted. In addition, a higher percentage of cells that appeared to be part of the myelogenous population of bone marrow cells from flown rats stained positively for surface immunoglobulin.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 61; 648-653
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