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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extremely fast acceleration of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 449 (2007), S. 576-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are widely believed to be accelerated by shock waves associated with the expansion of supernova ejecta into the interstellar medium. A key issue in this long-standing conjecture is a theoretical prediction that the interstellar magnetic field can be substantially ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06210
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of performance for cross-flow membrane filtration of pullulan broth (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 39 (1993), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract To improve the performance of cross-flow membrane filtration of pullulan broth from Aureobasidium pullulans, the effect of the cultivation conditions was examined. In particular, the sucrose concentration in the medium was changed over a wide range. By decreasing the sucrose concentration the distribution of morphology of the microbial cells in the broth changed; the yeast-like form became predominant and, as a result, the specific resistance of the microbial cake was lowered. When the broth was fermented with a sucrose concentration of 2.5% or lower, the filtration characteristics were greatly improved by periodic closure of permeation during cross-flow filtration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166842
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production of l-serine by immobilized growing Corynebacterium glycinophilum cells (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 564-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic mutant cells of Corynebacterium glycinophilum with high l-serine production activity were immobilized by entrapment with various gel materials, such as synthetic prepolymers and natural polysaccharides. The entrapped cells were used for estimation of l-serine productivity in a medium supplemented with glycine as a precursor. Based on the above criteria, including cell growth in gels and cell leakage from gels, calcium alginate was the most suitable gel material. Continuous l-serine fermentation with calcium alginate-entrapped growing cells was successfully achieved in an air-bubbled reactor for at least 13 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255360
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of cross-flow filtration of pullulan broth (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 39 (1993), S. 26-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cross-flow filtration of culture broth from Aureobasidium pullulans, which elaborates pullulan, was done with a thin channel-type module and microfiltration membranes made of different materials and with different pore sizes. Various factors affecting the results of the filtration were studied. The specific resistance of the microbial cake was found to be higher than that of bakers′ yeast, the cells of which are about the same size as an A. pullulans cell, and resistance increased with cultivation time. The flux and transmission of pullulan through the membrane decreased with cultivation time as the specific resistance increased. The flux and transmission ] of pullulan depended on the structure and pore size of the membrane and also on the pH of the broth. With a polysulphone membrane with a nominal pore size of 2.0 μm, transmission was nearly 100% with negligible leakage of cells and the flux was high when the pH of the broth was adjusted to 2.0.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166843
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 633-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270809
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion/adsorption model of cellulose dyeing. II. Ordinary cellulose-direct dye system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3697-3705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion and adsorption of C.I. Direct Yellow 12 and Blue 15 in water-swollen ordinary cellophane sheets were examined at various ionic strengths. The concentration dependence of apparent diffusion coefficients, Dc, for these dyes was obtained from the diffusion profiles in the substrate, which were measured by the use of the cylindrical film roll method. The decrease of apparent porosity with an increase in the amounts of adsorption was observed. To explain the diffusion/adsorption behaviors of these systems, a variable porosity model was proposed and was applied to analyze the concentration dependence of Dc's. The diffusion/adsorption behaviors of these dyes could be quantitatively described by this model at relatively low ionic strengths. At higher ionic strengths and/or lower values of C, i.e., at the large values of Cim/Cm, where the C's are the concentrations of immobilized (suffix im) and mobile (suffix m) species, it needed to introduce the concept of dynamic equilibria which occurred simultaneously with diffusion but deviated from the true equiliblia measured by the adsorption experiments.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300914
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the performance of crossflow filtration of yeast cell suspension (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41 (1993), S. 617-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: crossflow filtration ; microfiltration ; baker's yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; molasses ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Factors affecting the performance of crossflow filtration were investigated with a thin-channel module and yeast cells. In crossflow filtration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells cultivated with YPD medium (Yeast extract, polypeptone, and dextrose) and suspended in saline, a steady state was attained within several minutes when the cell concentration was low and the circulation flow rate was high. The steady-state flux and the change in flux during the initial unsteady state were explained well by conventional filtration theory, with the amount of cake deposited and the mean specific resistance to the cake measured in a dead-end filtration apparatus used in calculation. When the circulation flow rate was lower than a critical value, a part of the channel of the crossflow filtration module was plugged with cell cake, and thus the steady-state flux was low. In crossflow filtration of suspensions of commercially available baker's yeast, the flux gradually decreased, and the flux after 8 h of filtration was lower than the value calculated by filtration theory. Fine particles contaminating the baker's yeast was responsible for the decrease. A similar phenomenon was responsible for the decrease. A similar phenomenon was observed in crossflow filtration of a broth of S. cerevisiae cells cultivated in molasses medium, which also contains such particles, had no effect of the permeation flux during crossflow filtration. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260410604
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of aspartame precursor with an immobilized thermolysin in tert-amyl alcohol (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 1118-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: enzymatic synthesis ; peptide synthesis ; thermolysin ; immobilized enzyme ; aspartame precursor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Z-AspPheOMe), a precursor of the synthetic sweetner asparatame, was synthesized from N-(benzyloxycarbolyl)-L-aspartic acid (Z-Asp) and L-phenylalanine methyl ester (PheOMe) with an immobilized thermolysin in various organic solvents. We found that in tert-amyl alcohol containing a small amount of water the immobilized enzyme showed a high activity comparble to that in ethyl acetate with quite a high stability. The immobilized enzyme was fully stable up to 70°C in tert-amyl alcohol in the absence of the subatrate, and up to 50°C in the presence of the substrate. The high stability in the presence of the substrate was found due to the fact that the release of calcium ions, the stabilizing factor of thermolysin, is suppressed.The substrate concentration dependence of the initial synthetic rate with the immobilized enzyme was quite different from that with the free enzyme in the biphasic system, in contrast to that in ethyl acetate. Finally, Z-AspPheOMe was continuously synthesized in a column reactor using 200 mM PheOMe and 120 mM Z-Asp as the substrate for over 300 h at 45°C and a space velocity of 1 h-1 without any loss of acivity. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260431116
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crossflow filtration of yeast broth cultivated in molasses (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 1094-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: crossflow filtration ; microfiltration ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; molasses ; backwashing ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A broth of yeast cells cultivated in molasses was crossfiltered with a thin-channel module. The permeation flux gradually decreased at a constant cell concentration. The flux was much lower than that obtained for yeast broth cultivated in yeast extract, polypeptone, and dextrose (YPD) medium during the filtration. The flux did not depend on the membrane pore size (0.45 to 5 μm). The steady-state flux was one-twentieth that calculated for a cake filtration mode from the amount of cake per unit filtration area and the specific resistance of the cake measured in a dead-end filtration apparatus. The lower flux was due to small particles (most of which were less than 1 μm in diameter) in the molasses. The mehanism of crossflow filtration of broths of yeast cells cultivated in molasses was clarified by analysis of the change in flux with time and observations with scanning electron microscopy. At the initial stage of crossflow filtration the yeast cells and particles from the molasses were deposited on the membrane to form the molasses were deposited on the membrane to form a cake in a similar way to dead-end filtration. After the deposition of cells onto the membrane ceased, the fine particles from molasses formed a thin layer, which had higher resistance than the cake formed next to the membrane. The backwashing method was effective to increase the flux. The flux increased low when the pore size was 0.45 to 0.08 μm, but using larger pores of 3 to 5 μm it returned almost to the bases line. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260431113
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crossflow filtration of baker's yeast with periodical stopping of permeation flow and bubbling (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 47 (1995), S. 401-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: crossflow filtration ; periodical stopping ; air bubbling ; baker's yeast ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The periodical stopping of permeation flow was applied to increase the permeation flux in crossflow filtration of commercially available baker's yeast cell suspension. The permeation flux after 3 h filtration in the crossflow filtration increased to 8 × 10-5 m3 /m2 s (290 L/m2 h) from 2 × 10-5 m3/m2 s (72 L/m2 h) by applying the periodical stopping of permeation. Introduction of air bubbles during the stopping period of permeation further increased the flux.© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260470313
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