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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of potassium comodification on domain evolution and electrically induced strains in La modified lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramics (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3433-3438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of potassium comodification on the structure-property relationships of base (Pb1−3/2xLax)(ZryTi1−y)O3 [(PLZT) 100x/100y/100(1−y)] ceramics has been investigated. Studies were performed by dielectric response, electrically induced polarization and strain methods, and transmission electron microscopy. For 4/65/35, potassium modification resulted in a dramatic decrease (∼10 times) in the magnitude of the induced strain, the development of a pinned polarization, increase in dielectric loss, slight decrease in Tmax, and a dramatic reduction in domain size and change in domain morphology. For 7/65/35 with increasing potassium concentration, only minor changes in the strain-electrical field response was observed and a crossover between nanodomains and normal micron-sized domains occurred. For 12/65/35, significant increases in the magnitude of the induced strain were found, and a significant increase in the nanodomain size occurred. The influence of electrical field on the domain and strain responses of potassium modified PLZT were also performed. These results are discussed in terms of the influence of impurity/defect pinning sites and their distributions on domain stability and polarization switching. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288223
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternating and direct current field effects on the dielectric response of La-modified lead zirconate titanate (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 361-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The complex dielectric responses of various La-modified lead zirconate titanate ceramic specimens have been measured under various ac drive and dc bias conditions. Investigations were performed for different La concentrations on specimens with Zr/Ti ratios of 40/60 and 65/35. These investigations demonstrated that the influence of increasing ac drive and dc bias are in opposition: increasing drive results in an increase in the dielectric constant, whereas increasing bias results in a decrease. Investigations as a function of La content revealed a strong decrease in the ac-induced nonlinearities with increasing La content in the compositional range near a crossover between micron-sized domains and tweedlike structures. The ac drive dependent dielectric data were then empirically fitted to a power series expansion in the ac field. An anomalous change in sign of the second-order nonlinearity was found for lower La-content compositions near the temperature of the dielectric maximum. It is believed that this change in sign results from a suppression of ferroelectric order and the stabilization of a paraelectric state at temperatures close to the ferroelectric phase transformation. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364120
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of lower-valent A-site modifications on the structure-property relations of lead zirconate titanate (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5866-5874 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Studies of the structure-property relationships have been performed for lead zirconate titanate as a function of concentration of a lower-valent A-site substitution. Investigations focused on the system (Pb1−yKy)(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3−y/2 for 0〈y〈0.20. These studies revealed modest changes in the dielectric response with increasing K1+ concentration. However, no evidence of relaxor ferroelectric characteristics was found. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were also performed. These investigations revealed strong changes in the ferroelectric domain structures with moderate increases in K1+ concentration. For K content (approximately-greater-than)4%, fine ferroelectric domains were found, which possessed a strong degree of wavy character. Increasing K1+ concentration resulted in further decreases in domain size. Sawyer–Tower polarization studies then demonstrated a strong reduction in the switchable polarization with increasing K1+ concentration, indicating that the polarization becomes pinned. Hot-stage TEM investigations were then performed. These studies revealed evidence for a pinning of the polarization into fine wavy domains at temperatures significantly below that of the ferroelectric transformation. These results are then compared to recent investigations of the influence of La3+ on the same base composition. We believe that the differences between lower- (K1+) and higher- (La3+) valent A-site modifications can be explained on the basis of the influence of quenched (which become mobile on heating in the ferroelectric phase) versus randomly quenched (above the ferroelectric transformation) defect complexes on the evolution of polar order. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363580
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experiment on the plasma-loaded backward-wave oscillator using a gas-loaded foil-less diode (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3059-3063 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-power microwave radiation of 9.5–13.4 GHz was generated in a plasma-loaded backward-wave oscillator employing a relativistic electron beam of 400–500 keV and 1–3 kA. This experiment was to re-examine and confirm the previous works that had been done in other various institutions. The relativistic electron beam, which was produced from a helium gas-loaded foil-less diode, was injected into the helium gas-loaded rippled-wall waveguide of the backward-wave oscillator, generating a plasma in the waveguide and then the high-power microwave radiation. A sharp increase in the output microwave power has been observed in a narrow range of the helium gas pressure, and two dips in the microwave emission have also been found in a certain range of the axial magnetic field. Additionally, at certain values of the helium gas pressure and guide magnetic field, the total microwave emission of the plasma-loaded backward-wave oscillator was found to be seven times as large as that of the vacuum case. The highest interaction efficiency was estimated to be about 29% for the present experiment. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288695
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of defect distributions and mobility on ferroelectric phase transformations in lead zirconate titanate (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 1062-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Studies of the influence of defect distributions and mobility on ferroelectric phase transformations in lead zirconate titanate have been performed by transmission electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, polarization switching measurements, and dielectric spectroscopy. Investigations focused on La3+ and K1+ modified lead zirconate titanates. Defects which could be randomly quenched-in from temperatures significantly above that of the ferroelectric phase transformation resulted in relaxor ferroelectric behavior characterized by polar nanodomains. However, defects which remained mobile until temperatures significantly below that of the phase transformation resulted in a normal ferroelectric state which was characterized by domain pinning. Mobile impurities/vacancies are revealed to order into chain fragments or clusters which diffuse to domain boundaries resulting in a pinning of the boundaries on cooling. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119728
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relativistic electron-beam generation in a gas-loaded foil-less diode (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 2420-2422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Relativistic electron beams were generated in a gas-loaded foil-less magnetized diode. The helium gas was employed to fill the diode, and the experimental results have shown that the diode operated normally without the closure problem when the gas pressure was below a certain value (typically, 100 mTorr in the presence of an externally applied guide magnetic field). It has been observed that the current of the electron beam could increase with increasing the gas pressure, and that the presence of helium gas could reduce the operating voltage of the diode producing an electron beam with lower kinetic energy, which implies a decrease in the diode impedance. The externally applied magnetic field along the axial direction also exerted an influence on the electron-beam generation in the gas-loaded diode. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122468
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of lower valent substituent-oxygen vacancy complexes in polarization pinning in potassium-modified lead zirconate titanate (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 418-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dependence of polarization switching on thermal histories has been investigated for K1+-modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics by Sawyer–Tower polarization methods. It was found that double-loop-like polarization characteristics in the aged condition could be reversed to normal single loop polarization characteristics by quenching specimens from above the ferroelectric phase transition temperature. However, the P–E curves reversed back to double-loop-like characteristics after reaging specimens at elevated temperatures. Excess oxygen vacancies in La3+-modified PZT were not found to result in double-loop-like polarization hysteresis, whereas excess oxygen vacancies in K1+-modified PZT did. These results provide evidence for role of K1+-oxygen vacancy complexes in polarization pinning. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124394
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the Oxygen Deficiency in Vacuum-Hot-Pressed Ferroelectric Ceramics Using a Thermogravimetric Technique (2000)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt to measure the oxygen deficiency in vacuum-hot-pressed ferroelectric target materials was made, using a thermogravimetric method. The approach was intended to measure the relative mass increase of oxygen-deficient sheet samples, with respect to an oxidized reference that was annealed in air. A saturation of mass change was achieved, which indicated a saturated oxidation state and provided a basis for further calculation of the oxygen deficiency in the samples. Results were obtained for barium strontium titanate and lead lanthanum zirconate titanate compositions, which shows the feasibility of applying the thermogravimetric method to ferroelectric materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01219.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Thermal and Electrical Histories on Domain Structure and Polarization Switching in Potassium-Modified Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics (1998)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of domain evolution and polarization switching on thermal and electrical histories has been investigated for K1+-ion-modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics by using hot-stage transmission electron microscopy and Sawyer—Tower polarization methods. In each case, the domains were very narrow, on the order of several hundred angstroms. In the aged condition, the domain structure was dominated by a “wavy” morphology. In the as-quenched condition, fine and straight 180° domains were found that extended across entire grains. In the field-cooled condition, fine and straight 70° and 110° domains were found. Corresponding polarization studies revealed double-loop characteristics in the as-quenched and aged conditions. In both these cases, the switchable polarization was much less than that of the base PZT composition. In the field-cooled condition, a single polarization loop was observed. However, the polarization—electric field (P—E) curve was skewed from the origin, and the polarization was not completely switchable on field reversal. These changes in domain stability and P—E properties have then been explained in terms of the dependence of a spatial distribution of polarizable defect complexes on thermal and electrical histories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02338.x
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  • 10
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    Relativistic electron-beam generation in a gas-loaded foil-less diode (1998)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-26
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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