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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to "Comment on ‘A theory on the x-ray sensitivity of a silicon surface-barrier detector including a thermal charge-diffusion effect' '' [J. Appl. Phys. 72, 3363 (1992)] (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1463-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of thermal-diffusion charge on the x-ray energy response of silicon surface-barrier (SSB) detectors have generally been ignored; consequently, the SSB response has been believed to be analyzed using the thickness of the depletion layer alone. Our new theory on the SSB x-ray response [J. Appl. Phys. 72, 3363 (1992)] was prepared for addressing recent confusion on plasma x-ray analyses using SSB detectors [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 1380 (1988); 61, 693 (1990); 63, 4850 (1992)]. This approach was made under the assumption of a dominant contribution of the diffusion-charge signal in the vicinity of the x-ray incident location because of the strong reduction of the x-ray produced charge within the thermal-diffusion length. In this report, the comparison between this approximation (having an approximated solution) and the exact numerical calculation (using an integral form) is carried out. Necessity and importance of such three-dimensional treatments for the data analyses as well as the design of multichannel semiconductor-array detectors developed for plasma x-ray tomography diagnostics are highlighted. Furthermore, for the total diffusing-charge amount, the calculated results from our theory and the values using the comment from Donolato agree well within the accuracy of 1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354864
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theory on the x-ray sensitivity of a silicon surface-barrier detector including a thermal charge-diffusion effect (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 3363-3373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analytical method based on a new theoretical model for the x-ray energy responses of silicon surface-barrier (SSB) detectors has been proposed. This method may address a recent confusing issue in the x-ray detection characteristics of SSB semiconductor detectors; that is, the x-ray responses of SSB detectors as well as p-i-n diodes used in underbiased operations were recently found to be contrary to the commonly held belief that the x-ray sensitivity of an SSB detector is determined by the thickness of the depletion layer. The model presented includes a signal contribution from thermally diffusing charge that is created in the field-free substrate region within a diffusion length from the depletion layer along with a signal contribution from charge created in the depletion layer. This model predicts a large signal contribution from the charge-diffusion effect on the SSB responses to high-energy x rays. Formulas and calculated results supporting SSB calibration data have been represented. These analytical methods might be developed to apply the analyses and predictions of energy responses of various types of silicon detectors including p-i-n diodes as well as charge-coupled devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351458
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A magnetic phase transition temperature calibration device (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5154-5156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have devised a technique of manufacturing temperature sensor calibration devices based on the magnetic properties of the pseudobinary compounds of formula (RxR′1−x)Co2, where R and R′ are heavy rare earth elements. The device is a solid sensor which provides an easily detectable first order magnetic phase transition at fixed temperature points. It is known that a first order magnetic phase transition from ferrimagnetism to paramagnetism is observed in compounds as TmCo2 (3.70 K), ErCo2 (32.05 K), HoCo2 (77.12 K), and DyCo2 (136.55 K). These transitions correspond to a large anomaly in the characteristic properties as function of temperature. In this work, we present the electrical resistivity and magnetization measurements of (Er, Ho)Co2 series and DyCo2 compounds showing the viability of the proposed devices from 32.05 up to 136.55 K. This range can be extended below and above by substitution of the chemical components and the stoichiometric composition. The number of transitions can be fixed by a convenient arrangement of several elements. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369108
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of perovskite-type Fe–Ni nitrides γ′-(Fe1−xNix)4N (0≤x≤0.9) (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4485-4487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this work, we have succeeded in preparing γ′-(Fe1−xNix)4N powder samples for x up to 0.9 and have undertaken a systematic study of their structural and magnetic properties by x-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometry. The lattice parameters of the nitrides decrease monotonically from 0.3795 to 0.3747 nm with increasing Ni concentration. The saturation magnetization, measured at room temperature and liquid nitrogen, was found to decrease with increasing Ni concentration. The Curie temperature TC also decrease with increasing Ni concentration, as well as with decreasing lattice parameter. Our results show that the lattice parameters, σs and TC behave in contrast with those of the corresponding fcc γ-Fe1−xNix alloys, for which each of these properties exhibits a maximum at some intermediate composition. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370383
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray magnetic circular dichroism temperature dependent study of RCo2 compounds (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 5881-5883 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have performed a temperature-dependent study of the rare earth L2,3 and Co K edges x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in HoCo2 and PrCo2. We have found in both samples that the L2/L3 ratio is temperature independent. This result contradicts previous findings that indicated a possible different behavior for L2 and L3 edges owing to modifications in the degree of 3d–5d hybridization. A further interesting result is that the temperature dependence of ratio E1/E2 for the L3 edge — where E1 and E2 correspond to the two area under the dichroic signal separated in two peaks, positive dipolar dominant, negative with significant contributions of both dipolar and quadrupolar channels — is also constant, suggesting that the dipolar and quadrupolar channels follow the same temperature dependence. This effect might be interpreted as the dominant 4f contribution to the 5d polarization (much larger than the 3d-induced contribution) to create the L-edge XMCD signal. The microscopic origin of the metamagnetic Co subsystem is also addressed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372554
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hard and soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe–Nd–Zr–B alloys containing intergranular amorphous phase (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4836-4836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nanoscale crystalline and amorphous phases obtained by partial crystallization of an amorphous phase in rapidly solidified Fe90Nd7−xZrxB3 alloys were found to exhibit rather good hard magnetic properties in the composition range below 3 at. % Zr and good soft magnetic properties in the range above 4 at. % Zr. The hard magnetic alloys consist of nanoscale bcc–Fe and bct–Fe14Nd2B particles surrounded by the remaining amorphous phase, while the soft magnetic alloys are composed of bcc–Fe and remaining amorphous phases. The particle size is measured to be about 20 nm for the bcc–Fe phase and 15 nm for the Fe14Nd2B phase for a the former alloys and about 10 nm for the bcc–Fe phase for the latter alloys. The volume fraction of the remaining amorphous phase is evaluated to be about 20 to 30 at. % and the Nd and Zr contents are much higher than the nominal concentrations for the hard and soft magnetic alloys from the high-resolution TEM images and nanobeam compositional analyses. The remanence (Br), intrinsic coercivity (iHc), and maximum energy product are 1.24 T, 200 kA/m, and 88 kJ/m3, respectively, for the nanocrystalline Fe90Nd5Zr2B3 alloy annealed for 180 s at 1023 K, while the saturation magnetization (Bs), coercivity (Hc), and permeability at 1 kHz are 1.63 T, 16 A/m, and 7000, respectively, for the nanocrystalline Fe90Nd2Zr5B3 alloy annealed for 180 s at 923 K.The high Br and Bs values are presumably due to the magnetic coupling between bcc–Fe particles via the ferromagnetic intergranular amorphous phase and the large iHc for the alloy containing more than 4 at. % Nd is due to the exchange magnetic interaction betweeen Fe14Nd2B particles via ferromagnetic bcc–Fe and amorphous phases. The appearance of the rather good hard and soft magnetic properties for the same alloy series containing the high Fe content is extremely important for future development of manocrystalline hard and soft magnetic materials. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361624
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of TM–Co–Fe–Ti spinel oxides (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5742-5742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spin glass-like behavior has been recently observed in a ceramic Zn0.5Co0.9Fe1.2Ti0.4O4 spinel oxide.1 This motivated our interest to study how the spin glass-like behavior of magnetic clusters in a diamagnetic matrix correlates to that of nonmagnetic or weakly magnetic clusters in a ferromagnetic matrix, Mössbauer effect, ac susceptibility, field cooled and zero field cooled magnetization, hysteresis loops, and γ–γ perturbed angular correlation (PAC) have been measured for TM0.5−xCo0.9Fe1.2+xTi0.4O4 (x=0.0 and 0.2) spinel oxide with TM=Zn and Cu. The variation of coercive field with temperature has been found to fit a double exponential function form Hc(T)=H1e−β1T+H2e−β2T where Hi and βi are constants for the sample with x=0.0 and TM=Zn. The exponential increase in coercive field can be linked to increased effective clusters arising from ions occupying A and B sites with Fe on both sites. This is in agreement with the Mössbauer measurements which show superparamagnetic fluctuations. The ac susceptibility and Mössbauer spectra for Zn0.5Co0.9Fe1.2Ti0.4O4 show a glass transition temperature (about 320 K). Room temperature PAC measurements on Hf doped samples with TM=Zn showed different interaction frequencies, consistent with magnetic order in the Fe enriched case. Different behavior is observed in the sample with Cu for which the ordering temperature is about 480 K. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364710
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First-order magnetic phase transition in (Er, Tb)M2(M=Co, Ni) (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5220-5220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The rare-earth intermetallic compounds RCo2, cubic Laves phases, are very suitable to study the magnetism of the 3d. Depending on the R magnetism we have an induced moment for the Co. For R=Dy, Ho, or Er the magnetic transition is of first order, whereas for Gd and Tb it is of second order. This behavior has been observed in this work by electrical resistivity and dc magnetization measurements in function of concentration in the system Er1−xTbx)Co2 where the internal field of the nearest R neighbors can induce the Co moment. Magnetization measurements of field cooling (FC) and zero field cooling (ZFC) samples are different for T〈Tc. This difference collapses for higher applied magnetic fields. The minimum for T just above Tc in ρ vs T curves disappears for x=0.2 with the onset of the second-order transition up to x=1.0. This minimum can result from the conduction electrons scattering on the spin fluctuations, enhanced by the 4f moments and the scattering by phonons. The idea of the metamagnetism of Co moments in the origin of this minimum is discarded. From our results we can conclude that a small amount of Tb in ErCo2 changes the first-order to second-order transition. Since the localization of the Fermi energy in the density of state of the 3d band is very important, a comparison study has been done with the system Er1−xTbx)Ni2. The concentration dependence of the lattice parameter differs a little from Vegard's law. Here we can infer from our results that all the magnetic transitions are second-order type. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361346
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of ErCo2 Fermi level by substitution of Co by Ni and Fe : The 7th joint MMM-intermag conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 6969-6970 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic and electrical resistivity measurements performed in Er(Co1−xNix)2 have shown that the critical concentration for the first-order magnetic phase transition is near to xc=0.10. For higher Ni concentration the results suggest that Co is no longer magnetic. Experimental results presented here for Er(Co0.8Ni0.2xFe0.2(1−x))2 and Er(Co0.9Ni0.1xFe0.1(1−x))2 systems, show that when Co is replaced by Fe, the 3d band is filled up, whereas for Ni substitution that band is depleted. The saturation moment obtained from isothermal magnetization measurements indicates that Co recovers its moment and couples parallel to the Fe moment and antiparallel to the Er moment. Characteristics of spin fluctuation are also observed. These results show that with a suitable combination of Co, Ni, and Fe we can recover the original density of the states of the ErCo2 compound. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367610
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in synthesis and degradation of Rubisco and LHCII with leaf age in rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing under supplementary UV-B radiation (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of supplementary ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on the changes in synthesis and degradation of ribulose -1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of PSII (LHCII) were examined, as well as mRNA levels for small and large subunits of Rubisco (rbcS and rbcL, respectively) and LHCII (cab) with leaf age in UV-sensitive rice (Norin 1) and UV-resistant rice (Sasanishiki). Both Rubisco and LHCII were actively synthesized until the leaf had fully expanded, and then decreased with increasing leaf age. Synthesis of Rubisco, but not LHCII, was significantly suppressed by UV-B in Norin 1. The degradation of Rubisco was enhanced by UV-B around the time of leaf maturation in the two cultivars. The levels of rbcS and rbcL were reduced by UV-B at the early stages after leaf emergence in both cultivars. Cab transcripts were first present at high levels in the two cultivars, but drastically decreased due to UV-B treatment immediately after leaf emergence in Norin 1. It was shown that synthesis and degradation of Rubisco and LHCII greatly changed with leaf age: Rubisco synthesis was significantly suppressed by supplementary UV-B radiation at the transcription step during the early leaf stages. It was also suggested that the difference in UV-B sensitivity in Rubisco synthesis between the two rice cultivars might be due to specific suppression both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00844.x
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