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  • 1
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    Carbon-forming reactions under a reducing atmosphere during seismic fault slip (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: Graphite is a well-known solid lubricant and can be as important as clay minerals in reducing the frictional strength of faults. Some natural fault zones contain carbonaceous material (CM) even where host rocks do not contain it, and seismic fault motion can promote the graphitization of low-grade CM. Thus, the origin of CM in fault zones is an important issue in fault mechanics. Previous high-velocity friction experiments have revealed various chemical reactions in fault zones during seismic fault motion, but most experiments have been conducted in an atmosphere under oxic conditions. Here we report experimental results on Carrara marble (free of CM), conducted under N 2 or H 2 atmospheres at a slip rate of 1.3 m/s and normal stresses of 2.0–3.1 MPa. A small amount of blackish material formed in generated gouge only under reducing conditions with the H 2 atmosphere, and Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of CM (amorphous carbon) in the material. The CM is attributable to (1) the generation and pyrolitic dissociation of CH 4 , and/or (2) a reduction reaction of emitted CO 2 due to calcite decomposition. We confirmed the formation of CH 4 using gas chromatography. The CM produced in experiments resembles CM in the Nojima fault (Japan) gouge in terms of Raman spectra. The granitic host rock of this fault is free of CM, and calcite is precipitated close to the CM; therefore, the CM probably formed through processes similar to those simulated in our experiments. Future research should investigate the amount and origin of CM in natural fault zones.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 2
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    The strength profile for bimineralic shear zones: an insight from high-temperature shearing experiments on calcite-halite mixtures (1999)
    In:  Tectonophys., Amsterdam, Univ. Tokyo, vol. 295, no. 1, pp. 1-14, pp. L14309, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Strength ; Fault zone ; Mineralogy ; Laboratory measurements ; Friction
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Gas permeability evolution of cataclasite and fault gouge in triaxial compression and implications for changes in fault-zone permeability structure through the earthquake cycle (2004)
    3-4
    In:  Tectonophysics, Taipei, 3-4, vol. 378, no. B3, pp. 183-195, pp. 2151, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Fault zone ; Mineralogy ; Stress ; Physical properties of rocks
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    A simple rheological framework for comparative subductology (1993)
    AGU
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Relating Geophysical Structures and Processes, Washington, D. C., AGU, vol. 76, no. 16, pp. 39-52, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Rheology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    The landslide stage of the Hsiaolin catastrophe: Simulation and validation (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-20
    Description: Typhoon Morakot struck southern Taiwan in the summer of 2009, causing the most severe flooding since the 1950s. In the early morning of August 9, rainfall triggered the Hsiaolin landslide, and the resulting debris avalanche covered the township of Hsiaolin Village, Kaohsiung. Around five hundred people were buried alive. Reconstruction of the runout of the debris avalanche would increase understanding of the large-scale avalanches for future hazard mitigation purposes. Simulation of the debris avalanche runout can provide valuable information for this purpose. A new continuum shallow-water model is applied to flow over general topography. The Coulomb friction law is adopted; the friction coefficient is initially determined by high pressure rotary-shearing tests and subsequently fine-tuned by an iterative procedure to minimize the difference between the simulation and the measurement. The friction coefficients measured by laboratory tests are found to be in reasonable agreement with the best-fit result of the simulation. In addition, Voellmy rheology is applied, but it is found that the role of the fluid viscous drag is insignificant. The simulation result in the village area is further corroborated by near-surface magnetic surveys. These indicate that the northern part of the village is dislocated, while the artifact structures of the southern part are buried near their original locations. By comparing the landslide front and the flow direction of the simulation, we are able to confirm, as also described by survivors, that the landslide swept the northern part of the village into the Cishan River, while the southern part was flooded subsequently by the debris from a dam breach about 20 min after the landslide.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Stuck in the mud? Earthquake nucleation and propagation through accretionary forearcs (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-20
    Description: Subduction zone earthquakes can propagate to the surface causing large seafloor displacements resulting in tsunamis. This requires the earthquake to rupture through clay-rich sediments of the accretionary wedge, which are largely aseismic. As found previously, the frictional properties of a range of wet clays at low slip velocity are velocity strengthening, thus inhibiting earthquake nucleation. However, at high slip velocity the same materials weaken almost immediately resulting in a negligible critical slip weakening distance and fracture energy. We interpret this behaviour as rapid thermal pressurization of the pore fluid within the clay gouge. The lack of fracture energy can explain how a large rupture, propagating from depth, might not be arrested by clay-rich, velocity-strengthening sediments, as is commonly seen. The results suggest that generally, earthquakes may be difficult to nucleate on mature faults dominated by clay, but the propagation of earthquakes through these zones is energetically very favourable.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: Melt produced by friction during earthquakes may act either as a coseismic fault lubricant or as a viscous brake. Here we estimate the dynamic shear resistance (tau(f)) in the presence of friction-induced melts from both exhumed faults and high-velocity (1.28 meters per second) frictional experiments. Exhumed faults within granitoids (tonalites) indicate low tau(f) at 10 kilometers in depth. Friction experiments on tonalite samples show that tau(f) depends weakly on normal stress. Extrapolation of experimental data yields tau(f) values consistent with the field estimates and well below the Byerlee strength. We conclude that friction-induced melts can lubricate faults at intermediate crustal depths.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Toro, Giulio -- Hirose, Takehiro -- Nielsen, Stefan -- Pennacchioni, Giorgio -- Shimamoto, Toshihiko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):647-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Geologia, Paleontologia e Geofisica, Universita di Padova, 35137, Padova, Italy. giulio.ditoro@unipd.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-15
    Description: High-velocity weakening of faults may drive fault motion during large earthquakes. Experiments on simulated faults in Carrara marble at slip rates up to 1.3 meters per second demonstrate that thermal decomposition of calcite due to frictional heating induces pronounced fault weakening with steady-state friction coefficients as low as 0.06. Decomposition produces particles of tens of nanometers in size, and the ultralow friction appears to be associated with the flash heating on an ultrafine decomposition product. Thus, thermal decomposition may be an important process for the dynamic weakening of faults.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Han, Raehee -- Shimamoto, Toshihiko -- Hirose, Takehiro -- Ree, Jin-Han -- Ando, Jun-Ichi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):878-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea. rhhan@korea.ac.kr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Geophysics. Earthquakes in the lab (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimamoto, Toshihiko -- Togo, Tetsuhiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):54-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1227085.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China. shima_kyoto@yahoo.co.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acceleration ; *Earthquakes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Fault lubrication during earthquakes (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-25
    Description: The determination of rock friction at seismic slip rates (about 1 m s(-1)) is of paramount importance in earthquake mechanics, as fault friction controls the stress drop, the mechanical work and the frictional heat generated during slip. Given the difficulty in determining friction by seismological methods, elucidating constraints are derived from experimental studies. Here we review a large set of published and unpublished experiments ( approximately 300) performed in rotary shear apparatus at slip rates of 0.1-2.6 m s(-1). The experiments indicate a significant decrease in friction (of up to one order of magnitude), which we term fault lubrication, both for cohesive (silicate-built, quartz-built and carbonate-built) rocks and non-cohesive rocks (clay-rich, anhydrite, gypsum and dolomite gouges) typical of crustal seismogenic sources. The available mechanical work and the associated temperature rise in the slipping zone trigger a number of physicochemical processes (gelification, decarbonation and dehydration reactions, melting and so on) whose products are responsible for fault lubrication. The similarity between (1) experimental and natural fault products and (2) mechanical work measures resulting from these laboratory experiments and seismological estimates suggests that it is reasonable to extrapolate experimental data to conditions typical of earthquake nucleation depths (7-15 km). It seems that faults are lubricated during earthquakes, irrespective of the fault rock composition and of the specific weakening mechanism involved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Toro, G -- Han, R -- Hirose, T -- De Paola, N -- Nielsen, S -- Mizoguchi, K -- Ferri, F -- Cocco, M -- Shimamoto, T -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 24;471(7339):494-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09838.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Universita di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy. giulio.ditoro@unipd.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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