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1

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Traditional fallow systems of the Americas (1993)

Kass, D. C. ; Foletti, C. ; Szott, L. T. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 23 (1993), S. 207-218

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: improved fallows ; Lippia torresii ; Mimosa scabrella ; Mimosa tenuiflora ; Neotropics ; Orbignya phalerata ; Senna guatemalensis ; shifting cultivation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Six neotropical traditional fallow systems are described: 1) enriched fallows of the Amazon, 2) Babassu palm (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) forests of central and northern Brazil, 3) bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) improved fallow of southeastern Brazil, 4) carbon negro (Mimosa tenuiflora Willd.) fallow of the wet-dry zone of Mesoamerica, 5) frijolillo (Senna guatemalensis Donn. Smith) of high-elevation zones in southern Honduras, and 6) caragra (Lippia torresii) fallow of humid zones of Costa Rica. These systems include both biologically and economically enriched fallows. Some (e.g., the enriched fallows of the Amazon) require a considerable degree of human intervention, while others (e.g., the bracatinga and carbon negro fallows) seem to form with little human encouragement, following the burn in shifting cultivation systems. Some of the systems (e.g., frijolillo and caragra) are quite site-specific and have a limited distribution; others (e.g., babassu, bracatinga, and carbon negro) occur over large areas and could be adapted to considerable areas in the Americas. As economic analyses are generally lacking, it is unclear what benefits would be achieved from a wider use of these systems. Most of the biologically enriched fallows seem able to maintain low yields of food crops at low input levels. Some of the economically enriched fallows seem able to produce higher economic returns.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704916

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2

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Nutrient stocks in managed and natural humid tropical fallows (1996)

Szott, L. T. ; Palm, C. A.

Springer

Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 293-309

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Amazon ; humid tropics ; improved fallows ; managed fallows ; nutrient balances ; nutrient stocks ; tropical secondary forest

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Managed fallows which recover nutrients more rapidly than natural secondary vegetation may improve the performance of shifting agriculture systems operating under inadequately long fallow cycles. Our objective was to construct nutrient balances for the soil, vegetation, and litter compartments of six planted leguminous fallows and natural secondary vegetation during 53 months. The fallows were planted on a previously cultivated Ultisol (Acrisol) in the Peruvian Amazon and included:Centrosema macrocarpum (Centrosema),Pueraria phaseoloides (Pueraria),Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylosanthes),Desmodium ovalifolium (Desmodium),Cajanus cajan (Cajanus), andInga edulis (Inga). In addition, in the natural fallow treatment secondary vegetation was allowed to establish and grow naturally. Quantities of extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg, total N, and organic C in soil to a 45 cm depth, and macrouttrients in aboveground biomass, roots, and litter were estimated at fallow planting, at 8, 17, and 29 months afterward, and at fallow clearing (53 months). Total N stocks increased by 10% in the Stylosanthes, Desmodium, Pueraria, and Inga treatments, but changed little in the Cajanus, Centrosema and natural fallows. This difference was largely due to greater net increases in both soil and vegetation compartments in the former group of treatments. In the Inga, Desmodium, and natural fallows, total stocks of P and K at 53 months were about 40% to 80% greater and 12% greater, respectively, than initial values, but Ca and Mg stocks were reduced by 25% to 40%. In the other treatments, there was generally little change in P stocks, but large (30% to 60%) reductions in K, Ca, and Mg during the course of the fallow. Although there were net decreases of stocks of P, K, Ca, and Mg in soil in all treatments during the fallow, storage of P and K in vegetation and litter in the Inga, Desmodium, and natural fallows offset losses of these nutrients from soil. These treatments also tended to accumulate more Ca and Mg in biomass and litter than the other treatments. These results suggest that leguminous fallow vegetation that accumulates large amounts of biomass may increase N, P, and K stocks, but that incomplete recuperation of Ca and Mg may limit the sustainability of short-rotation fallow-based systems on acidic, infertile soils. ei]Section editor: G R Stewart

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02415525

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The effect of cattle grazing on soil physical and chemical properties in a silvopastoral system in the Peruvian Amazon (1998)

Arevalo, L. A. ; Alegre, J. C. ; Bandy, D. E. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 40 (1998), S. 109-124

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: acid soils ; cover crop ; humid tropics ; peach palm ; Peru ; silvopastroal system

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract In a six-year-old peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plantation, centrosema (Centrosema macrocarpum), a leguminous forage plant, was established as a cover crop which was eventually grazed. This experiment was designed to monitor probable changes in soil physical and chemical properties and measure peach palm fruit production and live-weight gain of cattle grazing this silvopastoral system. The experiment was installed on land that was previously cleared by a D7 bulldozer having a straight blade that mixed the thin layer of topsoil with the acid subsoil (20–40 cm) and severely compacted the soil. The results demonstrated that the centrosema cover crop reduced soil bulk density, increased water infiltration rates and reduced mechanical resistance. In general soil physical properties were improved with the use of Centrosema as forage and cover crop. Soil acidity and aluminum saturation decreased considerably, while potassium concentrations increased. Calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased over time as these minerals were stored in the pasture biomass, translocated to fresh peach palm fruits and/or exported to animals. A strong competition for nutrients was observed between the peach palm plants and Centrosema. The low production of peach palm fruits was in response to mechanized land clearing during initial establishment of the plantation, and also probably due to deficits of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the soil instead of being a consequence to the presence of cattle. The average increase in live-weight gains of the cattle was at a rate of 445 g/animal/day during the four-years of the study. Such an increase is substantially greater than those registered in the area under traditional grazing systems used in the region.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006075114659

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Crop-tree interactions in alley cropping systems on alluvial soils of the Upper Amazon Basin (1993)

Salazar, A. ; Szott, L. T. ; Palm, C. A.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 67-82

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: alley cropping ; competition ; nutrient budgets ; weed control

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Un diseño de interfase cultivo/hilera de árboles se uso para ensayar tres especies leguminosas:Inga edulis, Leucaena leucocephala, y Erythrina sp. con el propósito de conocer su potencial para ser usadas en cultivos en callejones en suelos aluviales de la parte alta de la cuenca amazónica. Se aplicaron podas en 3 cantidades, 0. 3.3, y 6.7 Mg ha−1 por cultivo. El efecto de competencia, rendimiento del cultivo, balance de nutrientes y control de malezas fueron medidos durante tres cultivos consecutivos de arroz de altura. Reductiones en el rendimiento del cultivo fueron evidenctes hasta 1.5 m de distancia de las hileras de árboles, las reducciones fueron mayores con hileras deLeucaena eInga. Incrementos de las cantidades de podas aplicada fueron capaces de incrementar los rendimientos cerca de las hileras deLeuceana leucocephala yErythrina pero no deInga. En general los rendimientos de arroz fueron más altos con podas deLeucaena yErythrina en comparación con podas deInga, debido quizás a los niveles más altos de nitrógeno disponible proveído por las podas deLeucaena yErythrina, que son de más rápida descomposición. Para las 3 especies estudiadas en interfase, hubo una exportación neta de nutrientes con el grano y rastrojo de arroz que se observó en el declinar de los niveles de P en el suelo y en el declinar de los rendimientos.

Notes: Abstract A crop/hedgerow interface design was used to test three leguminous species,Inga edulis, Leucaena leucocephala andErythrina sp., for their potential use for alley cropping on alluvial soils in the upper Amazon Basin. Prunings were applied as mulch at three rates 0, 3.3 and 6.7 Mg dry matter/ha/crop. Competition, crop yields, nutrient budgets, and weed control were monitored for three consecutive crops of upland rice. Crop yield reductions were evident up to 1.5 m from each of the hedgerow species, but were more pronounced withLeucaena hedgerows. Additional mulch was able to compensate for these reduced yields close to the hedges inLeucaena leucocephala andErythrina but not inInga edulis systems. In general rice yields were higher withLeucaena leucocephala andErythrina mulch as compared toInga mulch, perhaps because of higher levels of available N provided by the rapidly decomposing leaves ofLeucaena leucocephala andErythrina sp. as compared toInga. Weed control was greater, however, with the slowly decomposingInga mulch. For all three hedgerow/crop systems there was a net export of P from the system which was exhibited by declining soil P levels and decreasing crop yields.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707472

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5

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Fertilizers in agroforestry systems (1993)

Szott, L. T. ; Kass, D. C. L.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 23 (1993), S. 157-176

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: alley cropping ; fertilization ; home gardens ; nutrient cycling ; organic fertilizer ; shaded perennials

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract This review encompasses results of fertilization experiments on several agroforestry systems—alley cropping, perennial shade systems, home gardens—in which fertilizer use is a likely management alternative. Fertilizer response was found to be most common in alley cropping, variable in perennial shade systems, and rarely reported in home gardens. Level of nutrient removal in harvested products is probably the overriding factor in determining fertilizer response; greater accumulation of organic residues, slower growth under shade, and longer periods of nutrient uptake probably also contribute to the relatively smaller fertilizer response of the perennial shade systems and home gardens. Considerable knowledge gaps exist regarding the breakdown of organic residues, and interactions between mineral and organic amendments. Systems based on annual crops (e.g., alley cropping) are likely to be less nutrient-efficient and sustainable than systems based on perennial crops, due to reduced fixation and transfer of N to the crops, the tendency of the trees to compete for and sequester nutrients, relatively high P requirements of the crops, and the high labor cost of tree management. The possible benefits of fertilization of specific components in home gardens, and relative advantages of including low-value tree legumes, high-value shade trees, and fertilization in shaded perennial systems are only beginning to receive research attention.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704913

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6

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Ecosystem fertility and fallow function in the humid and subhumid tropics (1999)

Szott, L. T. ; Palm, C. A. ; Buresh, R. J.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 47 (1999), S. 163-196

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: biomass accumulation ; improved fallow ; managed fallow ; nutrient budgets ; nutrient cycling ; soil organic matter

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The regeneration of natural vegetation (fallowing) is a traditional practice for restoring fertility of agricultural land in many parts in the tropics. As a result of increasing human population and insufficient fertilizer inputs, the ecosystem fertility functions of traditional fallows must now be improved upon via the use of managed fallows. Interactions between vegetation and soil determine nutrient losses and gains in crop—fallow systems and are influenced by fallow species, patterns and rates of biomass allocation, and crop and fallow management. Nutrient losses occur through offtake in crop harvests during the cropping phase and through leaching, runoff, and erosion in the cropping phase and the initial stage of fallows $#x2014; when nutrient availability exceeds nutrient demand by vegetation. Gains in nutrient stocks in later stages of fallow are generally more rapid on soils with high than low base status due to greater quantities of weatherable minerals and lack of constraints to N2 fixation, deep rooting, and retrieval of subsoil nutrients by fallow vegetation. On low base status soils (exchangeable Ca 〈 1 cmolc kg−1), N2 fixation and atmospheric inputs are likely to be the main sources of nutrient additions. On high base status soils limited by N, gains in N stocks by inputs from N2 fixation and retrieval of subsoil nitrate can occur relatively rapidly; hence short-term fallows can often improve crop performance. Large losses of Ca associated with soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization and soil acidification during cropping and fallow establishment, combined with chemical barriers to root penetration, suggest that long-duration fallows (〉 5 yr) are needed for recovery of cation stocks and crop performance on low base status soils. On both soils, however, residual benefits of fallows on crop yields usually last less than three crops.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006215430432

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