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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemistry of N-haloamines. XIX. Amination of toluene, adamantane, and tert-butyl chloride with monochloramine-aluminum chloride (1973)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 95 (1973), S. 2977-2982 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00790a040
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of N,N'-bis(p-butoxybenzylidene)-.alpha.,.alpha.'-bi-p-toluidine and N,N'-bis(p-phenylbenzylidene)-.alpha.,.alpha.'-bi-p-toluidine and their comparison with Dexsil 300 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon separations (1978)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 50 (1978), S. 1508-1511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50033a031
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grazing by a native and an exotic crayfish on aquatic macrophytes (1996)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. We compared grazing by native noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) and the exotic signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on seedling or well-established macrophytes.2. In a pool experiment, seedlings of emergent Scirpuslacustris and floating-leaved Potamogetonnatans were heavily grazed by adult signal crayfish, whereas established plants of the same species sustained only minor damage.3. In a preference experiment two submerged macrophytes (Charavulgaris and Elodeacanadensis), and both seedlings and established plants of S. lacustris and P. natans, were presented pairwise to signal and noble crayfish. There was no significant difference in preference by the two crayfish species. Chara vulgaris was preferred to all other plants presented, established plants of S. lacustris and P. natans were never preferred, and seedlings of P. natans were preferred to established P. natans.4. An aquarium experiment was conducted in which the consumption of Chara by signal and noble crayfish was measured in relation to water temperature. Signal crayfish consumed significantly more Chara than noble crayfish, especially at higher temperatures.5. Our results indicate that the signal crayfish is the more voracious grazer especially at higher temperatures. There may be negative effects on vegetation (emergents and floating-leaved, as well as submerged species) when the signal crayfish is introduced. Chara species are particularly susceptible, since they are preferred by crayfish and the genus includes a large number of rare species. Stocking of crayfish therefore could lead to the decline or removal of submerged species in order of crayfish feeding preferences and could prevent the spread or cause a decline of emergent and floating-leaved vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1996.d01-508.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of submerged macrophyte populations in response to biomanipulation (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 46 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. A 6-year study (1992–97) of changes in submerged vegetation after biomanipulation was carried out in the eutrophicated Lake Finjasjön, Southern Sweden. Ten sites around the lake were revisited each year. At each site five samples of above-ground biomass were taken at 10 cm water depth intervals. An investigation of the seed bank at the 10 sites, and a grazing experiment where birds and large fish were excluded was also conducted.2. Between 1992 and 1996, in shallow areas (water depth 〈 3 m), vegetation cover increased from 〈 3 to 75% and above-ground biomass from 〈 1 to 100 g DW m–2. Mean outer water depth increased from 0.3 to 2.5 m. Elodea canadensis and Myriophyllum spicatum accounted for 〉 95% of the increase in biomass and plant cover. The following year (1997), however, cover and above-ground biomass decreased, mainly attributable to the total disappearance of E. canadensis. Secchi depth increased after biomanipulation until 1996, but decreased again in 1997.3. Total and mean number of submerged species increased after biomanipulation, probably as a result of the improved light climate. However, after the initial increase in species number there was a decrease during the following years, possibly attributed to competition from the rapidly expanding E. canadensis and M. spicatum. The lack of increase in species number after the disappearance of E. canadensis in 1997 implies that other factors also affected species richness.4. A viable seed bank was not necessary for a rapid recolonization of submerged macrophytes, nor did grazing by waterfowl or fish delay the re-colonization of submerged macrophytes.5. Submerged macrophytes are capable of rapid recolonization if conditions improve, even in large lakes such as Finjasjön (11 km2). Species that spread by fragments will increase rapidly and probably outcompete other species.6. The results indicate that after the initial Secchi depth increase, probably caused by high zooplankton densities, submerged vegetation further improved the light climate. The decrease in macrophyte biomass in 1997 may have caused the observed increase in phosphorus and chlorophyll a, and the decrease in Secchi depth. We suggest that nutrient competition from periphyton, attached to the macrophytes, may be an important factor in limiting phytoplankton production, although other factors (e.g. zooplankton grazing) are also of importance, especially as triggers for the shift to a clear-water state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00746.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms regulating abundance of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1997), S. 592-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Submerged macrophytes ; Alternative stable states ; Periphyton ; Wave exposure ; Grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shallow eutrophic lakes tend to be either in a turbid state dominated by phytoplankton or in a clear-water state dominated by submerged macrovegetation. Recent studies suggest that the low water turbidity in the clear-water state is maintained through direct and indirect effects of the submerged vegetation. This study examined what mechanisms may cause a recession of the submerged vegetation in the clear-water state, and thereby a switch to the turbid state. The spatial distribution of submerged vegetation biomass was investigated in two shallow eutrophic lakes in the clear-water state in southern Sweden. Biomass of submerged vegetation was positively correlated with water depth and wave exposure, which also were mutually correlated, suggesting that mechanisms hampering submerged vegetation were strongest at shallow and/or sheltered locations. The growth of Myriophyllum spicatum, planted in the same substrate and at the same water depth, was compared between sheltered and wave exposed sites in two lakes. After 6 weeks the plants were significantly smaller at the sheltered sites, where periphyton production was about 5 times higher than at the exposed sites. Exclosure experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of waterfowl grazing on macrophyte biomass. Potamogeton pectinatus growth was decreased by grazing, whereas M. spicatum was not affected. The effects were greater at a sheltered than at a wave-exposed site, and also negatively related to distance from the reed belt. These results suggest that competition from epiphytes and waterfowl grazing hamper the development of submerged vegetation at sheltered and/or shallow locations. An increased strength of these mechanisms may cause a recession of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes in the clear-water state and thereby a switch to the turbid state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050121
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave exposure related growth of epiphyton: implications for the distribution of submerged macrophytes in eutrophic lakes (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 325 (1996), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Potamogeton pectinatus ; epiphyton ; submerged macrophytes ; production ; distribution ; eutrophic lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of submerged macrophytes in eutrophic lakes has been found to be skewed towards sites with intermediate exposure to waves. Low submerged macrophyte biomass at exposed sites has been explained by, for instance, physical damage from waves. The aim of this study was to investigate if lower biomass at sheltered sites compared to sites with intermediate exposure to waves can be caused by competition from epiphyton. Investigations were performed in eutrophic lakes in southern Sweden. Samples of submerged macrophytes and epiphytic algae on the macrophytes were taken along a wave exposure gradient. The amount of epiphyton (AFDW) per macrophyte biomass decreased with increased exposure. Biomass of submerged macrophytes, on the other hand, increased with increased exposure until a relatively abrupt disappearance of submerged vegetation occurred at high exposures. Production of epiphytic algae was monitored on artificial substrates from June to September at a sheltered and an exposed site in three lakes. It was higher at sheltered sites compared with exposed sites. We suggest that epiphytic algae may be an important factor in limiting the distribution of submerged macrophytes at sheltered sites in eutrophic lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028271
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomanipulation as an Application of Food-Chain Theory: Constraints, Synthesis, and Recommendations for Temperate Lakes (1998)
    Springer
    Ecosystems 1 (1998), S. 558-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0629
    Keywords: Key words: biomanipulation; lake; restoration; food chain; phosphorus; nutrient; fish; cyprinid.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: ABSTRACT The aim of this review is to identify problems, find general patterns, and extract recommendations for successful biomanipulation. An important conclusion is that the pelagic food chain from fish to algae may not be the only process affected by a biomanipulation. Instead, this process should be viewed as the “trigger” for secondary processes, such as establishment of submerged macrophytes, reduced internal loading of nutrients, and reduced resuspension of particles from the sediment. However, fish reduction also leads to a high recruitment of young-of-the-year (YOY) fish, which feed extensively on zooplankton. This expansion of YOY the first years after fish reduction is probably a major reason for less successful biomanipulations. Recent, large-scale biomanipulations have made it possible to update earlier recommendations regarding when, where, and how biomanipulation should be performed. More applicable recommendations include (1) the reduction in the biomass of planktivorous fish should be 75% or more; (2) the fish reduction should be performed efficiently and rapidly (within 1–3 years); (3) efforts should be made to reduce the number of benthic feeding fish; (4) the recruitment of YOY fish should be reduced; (5) the conditions for establishment of submerged macrophytes should be improved; and (6) the external input of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) should be reduced as much as possible before the biomanipulation. Recent biomanipulations have shown that, correctly performed, the method also achieves results in large, relatively deep and eutrophic lakes, at least in a 5-year perspective. Although repeated measures may be necessary, the general conclusion is that biomanipulation is not only possible, but also a relatively inexpensive and attractive method for management of eutrophic lakes, and in particular as a follow-up measure to reduced nutrient load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100219900051
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön after biomanipulation (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 404 (1999), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: distribution ; seed bank ; water depth ; Potamogeton ; Myriophyllum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maximum water depth of submerged vegetation and the number of sites colonized by submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön were studied in 1992, 1993 and 1996, and compared with data from 1947 and 1988, in order to investigate the development of submerged macrophytes after the biomanipulation of the lake (completed 1992). The submerged vegetation has declined considerably since 1947, both in species number and outer water depth. The submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön did not show any clear improvement in outer water depth or number of sites colonized after biomanipulation. The lack of any larger increase in Secchi depth after biomanipulation along with a shortage of suitable habitats (i.e. substrate), waterfowl grazing and species composition of the macrophyte populations are discussed as possible reasons for the poor development of submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003728730563
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön after biomanipulation (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 404 (1999), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: distribution ; seed bank ; water depth ; Potamogeton ; Myriophyllum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maximum water depth of submerged vegetation and the number of sites colonized by submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön were studied in 1992, 1993 and 1996, and compared with data from 1947 and 1988, in order to investigate the development of submerged macrophytes after the biomanipulation of the lake (completed 1992). The submerged vegetation has declined considerably since 1947, both in species number and outer water depth. The submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön did not show any clear improvement in outer water depth or number of sites colonized after biomanipulation. The lack of any larger increase in Secchi depth after biomanipulation along with a shortage of suitable habitats (i.e. substrate), waterfowl grazing and species composition of the macrophyte populations are discussed as possible reasons for the poor development of submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003728730563
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  • 10
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    Effects of model resolution, physics, and coupling on Southern Hemisphere storm tracks in CESM1.3 (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Two high‐resolution versions of a coupled Earth system model (CESM1.3: 0.25°‐atmosphere, 1°‐ocean; CESM1.1: 0.25°‐atmosphere, 0.1°‐ocean) are compared to the standard resolution CESM1.1 and CESM1.3 (1°‐atmosphere, 1°‐ocean). The CESM1.3 versions are documented, and the consequences of model resolution, air‐sea coupling, and physics in the atmospheric models are studied with regards to storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere as represented by 850 hPa eddy kinetic energy. Increasing the resolution from 1° to 0.25° in the atmosphere (same physics) coupled to the 1°‐ocean intensifies the strength of the storm tracks closer to observations. The 0.25°‐atmosphere with the older CESM1.1 physics coupled to the 0.1°‐ocean has fewer low clouds, warmer Southern Ocean SSTs, a weaker meridional temperature gradient, and a degraded storm track simulation compared to the 0.25°‐atmosphere with CESM1.3 physics coupled to the 1°‐ocean. Therefore, deficient physics in the atmospheric model can negate the gains attained by higher resolution in atmosphere and ocean.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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