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Anatomy and ultrastructure of the excretory system of the lizard, Sceloporus cyanogenysThis research was supported by NIH Grant AM 15972 and in part by DGF (SFB 146). (1976)

Davis, Lowell E. ; Schmidt-Nielsen, Bodil ; Stolte, Hilmar ; [et al.]

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 279-326

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: The anatomy and ultrastructure of the lizard kidney (Sceloporus cyanogenys) have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The number of glomeruli was counted' in serial sections and estimated to be 2,000 (in the two kidneys). Beginning with the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule the nephron segments are sequentially: (a) proximal tubule; (b) intermediate ciliated segment consisting of a proximal and distal part; (c) distal tubule, which can be divided into two segments, followed by (d) connecting tubule and (e) initial collecting duct. The initial collecting ducts from several nephrons open into the collecting duct. Tubular epithelium in this lizard has similarities to that of other reptiles, The lateral borders do not overlap like in mammals, but interdigitate by fingerlike projections. The length of the nephron segments was measured in disected tubules and the diameter was measured on light and electron micrographs. From these measurements estimates of inner tubular surface area were made. Together with data from physiological studies (Stolte et al., '76; Schmidt-Nielsen, '76) the estimated surface area was used to calculate transport rates per unit area across the epithelium. Comparisons of structure and transport rates were made between S. cyanogenys and other reptiles and mammals.

Additional Material: 1 Tab.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051490302

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A Randomized Trial Comparing the Nephrotoxicity of Cisplatin/Ifosfamide-Based Combination Chemotherapy with or without Amifostine in Patients with Solid Tumors (2000)

Hartmann, Jörg T. ; Fels, Lüder M. ; Knop, Stefan ; [et al.]

Springer

Investigational new drugs 18 (2000), S. 281-289

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ISSN: 1573-0646

Keywords: nephrotoxicity ; cisplatin ; ifosfamide ; protection ; amifostine ; hypomagnesemia

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the degree of kidney damageduring cisplatin/ifosfamide-based combinationchemotherapy and its possible prevention byamifostine. Thirty-one patients with solid tumorsstratified according to pretreatment were randomizedto receive VIP- or TIP-chemotherapy with or withoutamifostine (910 mg/m2) given as a short infusion priorto cisplatin. Chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin(50 mg/m2), ifosfamide (4 g/m2) and either etoposide(500 mg/m2) (= VIP) or paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) (= TIP)repeated at 3 weekly intervals. For all patients theglomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured bycreatinine-clearance, serum creatinine, electrolytesand differential urinary protein/enzyme excretion weredetermined prior to, during and after each cycle. Atotal of 62 cycles of chemotherapy were evaluable. Inthe amifostine-group GFR was fully maintained afterapplication of two cycles of chemotherapy, whereas inthe control group a 〉 30%-reduction of median GFR(108 to 80 ml/min) was observed (p 〈 0.001). Patientsreceiving amifostine had a lower degree of highmolecular weight proteins excretion indicating lessglomerular damage. In both groups significantincreases of tubular marker profiles peaking at day 3after chemotherapy were observed with a nearlycomplete reversibility of these changes prior to thenext chemotherapy cycle. The number of patients withlow magnesium serum levels during treatment was 17%after amifostine application versus 69% in controlpatients. The results seem to indicate that treatmentwith amifostine can preserve GFR after application oftwo cisplatin/ifosfamide-based chemotherapy cycles.This may be advantageous if repetitive cycles ofchemotherapy or subsequent administration of high dosechemotherapy is planned.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006490226104

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Fibronectin turnover in human mesangial cell cultures as affected by Adriamycin (1993)

Soose, Mechthild ; Wenzel, Simone ; Stolte, Hilmar

Springer

Cell biology and toxicology 9 (1993), S. 149-163

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ISSN: 1573-6822

Keywords: Adriamycin ; extracellular matrix expansion ; fibronectin turnover ; human mesangial cells ; nephrotoxicity

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Fibronectin (FN) turnover and turnover changes induced by the anticancer drug Adriamycin (ADR) were measured in human mesangial cells (HMC) in vitro. HMC cultures synthesize cellular FN (2.2+-0.3% of totalprotein synthesis; n = 12) which is secreted and incorporated into a fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM). A 24 hr incubation of HMC with ADR (0.5–5 μg/ml) resulted in an accumulation of FN in the culture medium, with a maximum increase following 5 pglml(7.3+-2.3pg/cell vs. controls: 4.4+-1.9pg/cell; n= 10). Correspondingly, radioactively labeled immunoprecipitable FN was increased in a dosage-dependent manner in the culture medium up to 50% vs. controls. The incorporation of radioactively labeled FN into ECM was significantly increased following 2 μg ADR/ml. In accordance, immunofZuorescence staining revealed an expansion ofpericellular FNfibers in cultures exposed to 2 μg ADR/ml. Concomitant with the accumulation of extracelhlar FN, radioactively labeled FN in the cells was reduced by 22%. Qualitative characterization of FN patterns revealed a diminished number of degradation products in the culture medium ofADR-treated HMC. These data suggest thatADR interferes with the turnover of FN secreted by HMC in vitro in such a way that FN accumulates extracellularly. This in turn leads to a reduced FN synthesis. These findings are compatible with a loss of urinary FN degradation products accompanying the onset ofproteinuria in ADR-treated rats.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00757577

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Adaptation of renal function to hypotonic medium in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) (1987)

Elger, Eva ; Elger, Bernd ; Hentschel, Hartmut ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of comparative physiology 157 (1987), S. 21-30

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ISSN: 1432-136X

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary The kidneys of winter flounders transferred to hypotonic medium were investigated for glomerular and tubular handling of fluid and electrolytes and for the urinary excretion of proteins. Media were sea water (925 mosm·kg−1) and brackish water (70 mosm·kg−1). In sea water, the urine was hypertonic to the plasma in 7 fish of this study. Urine flow rate was correlated with the GFR. After adaptation to brackish water a delay of 1 to 3 days was observed until the kidneys switched from fluid retention to the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine. GFR and urine flow rate were increased from 0.61±0.08 to 1.58±0.29 ml·h−1·kg−1 and from 0.14±0.02 to 0.68±0.08 ml·h−1·kg−1, respectively $$(\bar x \pm SEM)$$ . With increased filtered load the tubular reabsorption of fluid decreased from 74±2.4% to 45±11.2%. The excretion rates of sodium and potassium were increased due to decreased fractional sodium and potassium reabsorption. The urinary excretion of divalent cations, however, was reduced because the net tubular reabsorption of calcium was increased and the net secretion of magnesium was diminished. Both the urinary total protein concentration and the protein pattern showed no significant change, but the rate of protein excretion was increased from 0.21±0.04 to 0.60±0.05 mg·h−1·kg−1. The comparison of protein patterns obtained from urine and serum samples revealed that high molecular weight (HMW) proteins prevail in the serum whereas low molecular weight (LMW) proteins dominate in the urine. The diminished quantity of the HMW-protein fraction in the urine thus may reflect size selectivity of the glomerular filtration barrier for serum proteins also in the winter flounder.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702724

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Presence of a sodium-dependentd-glucose transport system in the kidney of the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) (1984)

Flöge, Jürgen ; Stolte, Hilmar ; Kinne, Rolf

Springer

Journal of comparative physiology 154 (1984), S. 355-364

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ISSN: 1432-136X

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary A membrane fraction, rich in brushborder membranes, was prepared from the archinephric duct of the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) and the uptake ofd-glucose and other sugars into the membrane vesicles was investigated by a rapid filtration technique. Uptake ofd-glucose was found to be sodium-dependent, phloridzin-inhibitable and osmotically sensitive. A sodium gradient dependent ‘overshoot’ was demonstrated at 25° C as well as at the more physiological temperature of 4°C. The sodium dependentd-glucose transport was inhibited by α-methyl-d-glucoside, but not by 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Furthermore at the same concentration of sugars the initial uptake ofd-glucose was 7.2-fold higher thanl-glucose uptake.d-glucose transport across the membrane in the presence of a sodium gradient was stimulated when SCN− replaced Cl− and inhibited when gluconate replaced Cl−.d-glucose uptake in the presence of a sodium- and potassium gradient was decreased by the addition of valinomycin. In addition, the presence of ad-glucose gradient enhanced sodium uptake into the vesicles as compared to a mannitolgradient. Phloridzin inhibited thed-glucose dependent sodium flux. Thus an electrogenic stereospecific sodium glucose co-transport system, with properties similar to that found in the kidney of higher vertebrates is present in this primitive vertebrate and might participate in secondary-active sugar reabsorption in the archinephric duct.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684442

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