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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of SiO2 precipitates in large, oxygen rich Czochralski-grown silicon single crystals after annealing at 750 °C (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 553-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The defects due to oxygen precipitation in Czochralski grown silicon single crystals annealed for 216 h at 750 °C and with oxygen concentration varying between 18 and 12×1017 atoms per cm3 (according to DIN 50438) were studied by means of small angle neutron scattering and γ-ray diffractometry probing the same volume elements in the sample. The size and the shape of the SiO2 precipitates were determined by means of small angle neutron scattering. In the center of the disk-shaped sample of 10 cm diameter one finds spherical precipitates with a radius of ≈20 A(ring), at the border the precipitates are of plate-like shape, ≈146×146×41 A(ring) in dimension. The k-space distribution of the diffuse scattering caused by the strain field of the SiO2 precipitates has been determined by means of a double-crystal diffractometer and 316 keV γ radiation. Modeling with Huang and Stokes–Wilson theory suggests that the relatively small SiO2 precipitates are loosely bound in larger clusters with a radius of ≈2000 A(ring) in which the crystal matrix is strongly distorted. With the γ-ray diffractometer operated in the single-crystal mode the thickness dependence of the integrated reflecting power was measured from which the static Debye–Waller factor for the 2 2 0 reflection is determined using statistical dynamical theory. The results confirm qualitatively the cluster model. In the center of the sample the size of the precipitates could be calculated by additional measurement of the static Debye–Waller factor of the 4 4 0 reflection. The result is in excellent agreement with the small angle neutron scattering data. Combining all the experimental data taken in the oxygen rich center of the annealed silicon crystal the average distance between the centers of the SiO2 precipitates in the clusters is ≈80 A(ring) and the distance between the large clusters is ≈40 000 A(ring). © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359039
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the spin glass transition of amorphous FeZr alloys using small angle neutron scattering : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6380-6382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: SANS experiments of an amorphous Fe90Zr10 alloy were carried out in the temperature region 20–300 K with and without the application of a magnetic field. The scattering versus temperature for different Q values (zero field cooled magnetization) shows two transitions at Tc=240 K and Tf=40 K. However, both transitions are not observed in magnetic field (2.6 kG) cooling down curves. By switching off the magnetic field and warming up the sample only the transition at Tf=40 K is observed. Application of a magnetic field at different temperatures in a zero field cooled sample reduces the scattering; the scattering returns to its initial value after switching off the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358273
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion Exchange Membranes. I. Membrane Potentials (1955)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 59 (1955), S. 86-89 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150523a024
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion-Exchange Membranes. II. Ion Transfer Rates (1956)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 60 (1956), S. 750-754 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150540a010
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion-Exchange Membranes. III. Water Transfer (1957)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 61 (1957), S. 164-168 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150548a009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A small-angle neutron scattering study of the temperature and stress dependence of the microstructure of nimonic alloys (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 583-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The creep properties in high-temperature alloys are dependent on the presence of second and higher phase components. In particular in the nimonic group of alloys the size distribution and concentration of the γ′ phase are crucial factors in the resistance to creep. A possible mechanism for degradation of creep resistance is the Ostwald ripening of the γ′ phase. A sample of Nimonic 105 (Trademark of Henry Wiggin and Co. Ltd) was subjected simultaneously to a stress of 500 MPa and a temperature of 800°C in situ in the beam using a specially developed cell on the small-angle scattering facility (D 11A) at the Institut Laue Langevin. Scattering patterns were taken continuously and spectra were recorded every ̃20 min; the macroscopic creep was also recorded. Measurements were taken up to the point of fracture. A peak in the intensity was observed at a scattering vector κ (= 4π sin θ/λ) of 0.005 Å−1 which is believed to be the lowest value at which such an effect has been observed in alloys. The observed variation in the scattering after treatment for multiple scattering and absorption corrections is discussed in terms of particle size and size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878013941
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the growth and dissolution of metastable precipitates in an Al–11.8 at. % Zn alloy (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 578-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An Al-11.8 at.% Zn alloy has been studied, under various thermal conditions, with the neutron small-angle scattering apparatus (D11A) at the ILL. The sample was mounted in a furnace, so that alternate in situ growth and dissolution studies of metastable precipitates could be made. The samples were slowly cooled from 300°C to different fixed temperatures in the range from 25 to 200°C, and the decomposition was studied at these growth temperatures for aging times of up to several hours in each case. Subsequently, at the end of each growth experiment, the samples were rapidly heated to 300°C, and the dissolution was followed by taking a data set every 20 s. The scattering intensity in these dissolution experiments was found to decrease rapidly with time. so that in many cases the whole process was largely completed within a few minutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878013916
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of precipitation using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) (1988)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 21 (1988), S. 870-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Some earlier results are summarized which demonstrate the range of applications of SANS in the study of inhomogeneities. The size, number density, chemical composition (Ni3Al0.6Ti0.4) and kinetics of the γ′ precipitates in a Nimonic superalloy have been determined by SANS. The formation and growth of voids on the grain boundaries of a Nimonic superalloy have been followed by in situ SANS. The crystallographically aligned θ′ precipitates in an Al–Cu crystal exhibit anisotropic SANS from which the edge lengths of the θ′ platelets have been determined. Finally, SANS was used to study a very dilute concentration (20 p.p.m.) of the second phase particles in a silicon crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889888004418
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-wavelength neutron scattering studies of the decomposition of Al–Zn alloys (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 127-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Determination of whether a spinodal mechanism or a nucleation and growth mechanism giving rise to Guinier–Preston zones is responsible for the initial stages of the decomposition sequence of low-zinc-concentration aluminium alloys at room temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009806
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of inhomogeneity size and concentration on the analysis of small-angle scattering data (1991)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 24 (1991), S. 349-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The random distribution model is commonly used for estimating the concentration of inhomogeneities in a solid from small-angle scattering data. This paper investigates the effect of the size and the separation of the inhomogeneities on the peak in the scattering curve. A relationship linking the mean separation to the position of the scattering peak and the size of the inhomogeneities is established. This in turn provides a simple method of estimating the volume fraction of inhomogeneities from small-angle scattering data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889891002480
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