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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnological possibilities for waste tyre-rubber treatment (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: degradation ; desulphurization ; devulcanization ; rubber recycling ; Thiobacillus ; tyres ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Every year large amounts of spent rubber material, mainly from rubber tyres, are discarded. Of the annual total global production of rubber material, which amounts to 16–17 million tonnes, approximately 65% is used for the production of tyres. About 250 millions spent car tyres are generated yearly in USA only. This huge amount of waste rubber material is an environmental problem of great concern. Various ways to remediate the problem have been proposed. Among these are road fillings and combustion in kilns. Spent tyres, however, comprise valuable material that could be recycled if a proper technique can be developed. One way of recycling old tyres is to blend ground spent rubber with virgin material followed by vulcanization. The main obstacle to this recycling is bad adhesion between the crumb and matrix of virgin rubber material due to little formation of interfacial sulphur crosslinks. Micro-organisms able to break sulphur-sulphur and sulphur-carbon bonds can be used to devulcanize waste rubber in order to make polymer chains on the surface more flexible and facilitate increased binding upon vulcanization. Several species belonging to both Bacteria and Archaea have this ability. Mainly sulphur oxidizing species, such as different species of the genus Thiobacillus and thermoacidophiles of the order of Sulfolobales, have been studied in this context. The present paper will give a background to the problem and an overview of the biotechnological possibilities for solutions of waste rubber as an environmental problem, focusing on microbial desulphurization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008337708006
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy in injection-molded ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers. Part II: Disks delaminated by a water-jet cutting technique (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 913-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anisotropy and molecular orientation are well known phenomena in the field of thermoplastics, but only a few studies have described anisotropy in rubber materials. It has been shown that injection molding gives rise to a higher degree of anisotropy than compression molding. The anisotropy in the rubber material was strengthened by carbon black and is presumably due to molecular orientation. This paper describes the anisotropy of injection-molded ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers. The two polymers had different molecular weight distributions and thus different rheological properties. The compounds were injected into center-gated 4mm thick disks. The disks were subsequently split into three layers using a water-jet cutting technique. Measurement of mechanical and swelling properties in the different layers and directions showed that the anisotropy varied through the thickness of the disk. By X-ray scattering it was shown that rubber molecules had a preferred direction and thus, that the anisotropy was probably predominantly due to molecular orientation created during the mold filling.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760341108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bonding of untreated cellulose fibers to natural rubber (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 2155-2164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sulfur- and peroxide-cured natural rubbers (NR) reinforced with short fibers of cellulose and carbon black have been studied with respect to water absorption, crosslink density, tensile strength, and the dependence of the dynamic storage modulus on strain amplitude. The results indicate that there is bonding between fiber and matrix even in the absence of a specific bonding system.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350815
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy in injection-molded ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers. Part I (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 905-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anisotropy and molecular orientation are well-known phenomena in the field of thermoplastics. In the case of rubber materials only a few studies have described anisotropy. Injection molding has been shown to give rise to higher anisotropy than compression molding. The anisotropy in the rubber material is assumed to be due to molecular orientation and is strengthened by carbon black. In order to understand the mechanism of anisotropy in rubber materials, an extensive study has been performed. In this paper, results from two injection-molded ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubbers, compounded both with and without carbon black, are presented. The polymers had different molecular weight distributions and the compounds were injected into center-gated 1- and 4-mm-thick disks. The properties measured in different directions were mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and swelling. These measurements show that anisotropy can be a very important factor to take into account. The origin of anisotropy is presumably the molecular orientation which arises during the filling of the mold with the rubber melt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760341107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the type of crosslink on viscoelastic properties of natural rubber (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996), S. 1997-2006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: crosslink density ; crosslinking ; dynamic mechanical properties ; glass transition temperature ; natural rubber ; peroxide cure ; sulfur cure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscoelastic properties of various crosslinked natural rubbers, NR, were investigated by mechanical spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature, Tg, was found to be dependent on both the crosslink density and the crosslink type. Higher values of Tg were obtained for sulfur-crosslinked NR than for peroxide-crosslinked NR at the same crosslink density. The greater influence of the sulfur content on Tg may be attributed to polysulfidic crosslinks and cyclic sulfide structures favored at high sulfur contents. Sulfur-vulcanized NRs with monosulfidic crosslinks, favored at relatively high accelerator/sulfur ratios, have properties more similar to the peroxide-cured NR with simple carbon(SINGLE BOND)carbon crosslinks covalent bonds, resulting in only small shifts in Tg. A qualitative analysis of monosulfidic crosslinks and polysulfidic structures was performed with 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The storage modulus, E′, in the rubbery plateau region increased with increasing crosslink density. However, the crosslink type did not influence the moduli values as much as it influenced the Tg values. Different methods of detecting the crosslink density were also discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification and stabilization of rubber materials: Plasma polymerization and photografting (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 1247-1259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermooxidative degradation of thick-walled rubber materials is dependent on oxygen diffusion. The oxidative degradation ceases due to a lower permeability of oxygen through the oxidized material formed at the rubber surface. This phenomenon indicates a paradoxical effect of antioxidant loading. Since antioxidants prevent oxidation, antioxidants also prevent the formation of the protective oxidized layer. This paper suggests and explores an attempt to stabilize polymer materials using surface-modification techniques in order to form an oxygen permeation barrier at the surface. Two techniques, plasma polymerization and photografting, suitable for such surface modifications are described. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070500716
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of electron irradiation on physical properties of rubber/cellulose fibre composites (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 39 (1996), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: natural rubber ; cellulose fibres ; electron irradiation ; butadiene ; N-hydroxymethylacrylamide ; mechanical properties ; moisture uptake ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Short term stress-strain properties were investigated for natural rubber reinforced with short cellulose fibres at various fibre loads. Stress-strain measurements were also performed on natural rubber composites containing cellulose fibres, electron irradiated in the presence of butadiene or N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, where the latter monomer produced the greatest improvement in stress-strain properties. Chemiluminescence analysis indicated the existence of a surface layer on the fibres after irradiation treatments, and water absorption measurements showed a decrease in water uptake for composites containing irradiated fibres. The results demonstrate the improvement of mechanical properties with a reduced sensitivity to moisture.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of plasma treatment on mechanical properties of rubber/cellulose fibre composites (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 33 (1994), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: natural rubber ; cellulose fibres ; plasma treatment ; butadiene ; divinylbenzene ; mechanical properties ; chemiluminescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Natural rubber materials reinforced with cellulose fibres have been studied with respect to crosslink density, tensile strength and stress relaxation. The fibres have been grafted with butadiene or divinylbenzene by plasma treatment. Chemiluminescence analysis was used to indicate the grafting on the surface of the cellulose fibres and also to estimate the effect of the plasma on the cellulose fibres. The results indicate the possibility of obtaining a surface layer on the fibres, which is a conceivable way of improving the mechanical properties of rubber composites.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1994.210330112
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase of mechanical strength of hydroxy terminated polybutadiene by adding small amounts of carbon black (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996), S. 1195-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organotellurium compounds as stabilizers for polymeric materials (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996), S. 1365-1369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stability of a series of organotellurium compounds was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and the stabilizing capacity of the most heat-resistant compounds assessed in natural rubber, polyethylene, and polypropylene by measurement of the oxidative induction time (OIT). The most active compounds, bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]telluride (5) and bis[2,6-dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]telluride (10) stabilized natural rubber considerably at the 1% level and even more so at the 2% level. A similar stabilizing effect of compound 5 was found in polyethylene and polypropylene at the 0.1% level. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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