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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 4929-4936 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Inverse Cerenkov acceleration (ICA) is a novel approach to electron acceleration involving the interaction of laser light with a polarizable gaseous medium. This technique may achieve very high acceleration gradients and tends to be best suited for the role as an energy booster for electrons of GeV energy or higher. A generic optimization study of ICA is performed to identify the desired properties of the ideal gaseous medium, in particular a medium in which the laser light frequency is near a resonance of the medium. Several factors that can limit the effectiveness of the interaction are taken into account. It appears that acceleration gradients exceeding 1 GeV/m are possible at low gas pressures that minimize problems with electron-beam emittance growth.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 4278-4280 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Local eigenmodes of field-reversed configurations (FRCs) were previously computed using ideal magnetohydrodynamics, including compressibility and double adiabaticity. Here the eigenmodes are compared with earlier analytic models. In equilibria, as initially generated in θ pinches, the rigid displacements of the analytic models are similar to actual eigenmodes in structure and growth rate; moreover, the growth rates are similar to those of global modes. In equilibria that naturally arise later in the quiescent FRC, the analytic models fail to predict features of the eigenmode behavior: ballooning-like structure, and much faster growth rate than global modes. This suggests explanations for the difficulty of forming large FRCs in θ pinches, and for the appearance of characteristic profiles in quiescent FRCs. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 2609-2622 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The relaxation theory of a two-species magnetofluid is presented. This generalizes the familiar magnetohydrodynamic (single-fluid) theory. The two-fluid invariants are the self-helicities, one for each species. Their "local" invariance follows from the helicity transport equations, which are derived. The global forms of the self-helicities are examined in a weakly dissipative system. They are shown to pass three tests of ruggedness ("relative" invariance compared with the magnetofluid energy): the cascade test; the selective decay test; and the stability to resistive modes test. Once ruggedness is established, relaxed states can be found by minimizing the magnetofluid energy subject to constrained self-helicities. The Euler equations are found by a variational procedure. Example equilibria are presented that resemble field-reversed configurations (FRCs) and tokamaks. These states are characterized by finite pressure and significant sheared flows. Throughout the analysis it is shown how this more general theory reduces to the magnetohydrodynamic (single-fluid) theory for suitable reducing assumptions. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 1 (1994), S. 4022-4031 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The local stability of field-reversed configurations (FRC) is analyzed using hydrodynamic stability theory. The equation of state includes both compressibility and double-adiabatic effects. For the first time, eigenmodes of the linearized equations of motion have been computed. The most unstable modes have fast growth rates, comparable to the Alfvén transit time across the FRC radius; i.e., somewhat faster than the frequency (or growth rate) of global modes. In realistic equilibria, the most unstable local modes concentrate, ballooning-mode style, in the high curvature region of magnetic flux lines. The familiar interchange stability criterion is irrelevant for FRCs, since the actual eigenmodes differ markedly from interchange, both in structure and stability. The appearance of fast local modes raises the possibility that they may regulate FRC equilibria. However, surprisingly, equilibria with realistic internal structure (i.e. resembling experiments) are more unstable to ideal local modes than less realistic equilibria, as have often been studied theoretically. Thus, a nonideal theory will be needed to explain the equilibria observed in experiments. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 2286-2291 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experiments have been conducted on the Large s Experiment (LSX) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2212 (1992)] field-reversed theta pinch, where plasmas confined in a field-reversed configuration (FRC) have exhibited record energy, particle, and configuration lifetimes. By careful control of the formation process, it was possible to form symmetric, quiescent FRCs with s values (the number of ion gyroradii from the field null to the separatrix of the FRC) as large as 5. LSX particle confinement showed a strong scaling with s. The inferred particle diffusivity, Ds, at large s approached ∼2 m2/s, which, along with previous experimental results, indicate a favorable Ds∼s−1/2 scaling. At large s, both electron and ion cross-field thermal conduction losses become negligible compared to convective losses, with the inferred χ⊥e∼4 m2/s, which was near classical values. Data from several diagnostics employed on the LSX device were analyzed to seek correlation between distortions in the plasma shape and the confinement properties of the FRCs formed. No clear correlation between the quality of confinement and distortion was observed. Experiments conducted over a large range of s (1〈s〈8) appeared to be grossly stable to low-order modes, such as the internal tilt. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 5636-5643 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new method is proposed for accelerating relativistic charged particle beams in a vacuum by a laser. The laser propagates in an overmoded waveguide interrupted periodically by thin dielectric disks spaced many wavelengths apart. The particle beam travels along the waveguide axis, passing through irises in the disks. The disks correct for slippage of the particle phase relative to the laser wave. This concept exploits the inverse of familiar radiation processes (transition radiation, diffraction radiation). Several practical accelerator issues are incorporated in a systems analysis. Acceleration gradients in the GeV/m range are projected using lasers with ∼100 GW power. This represents more than an order of magnitude stronger coupling of the laser energy compared to other laser acceleration schemes. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 31 (1988), S. 3024-3034 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Standard magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations are extended to include arbitrary equilibrium flows and multiple fluids and an equivalent variational form is developed. This system is appropriate for the study of stability in any multifluid flowing plasma, e.g., allowing for arbitrary poloidal and toroidal equilibrium flows and accounting for the Hall terms. The variational formalism is applied to the particular case of the internal tilting instability in a field-reversed configuration (FRC). A solution by means of the Rayleigh–Ritz technique leads to the dispersion relation, from which the growth rate and marginal stability conditions are determined. A new stability regime is found for sufficiently elongated FRC's, arising as a consequence of the Hall effect. These results are compared with experiment and related theory.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 4 (1992), S. 1280-1286 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The gyroviscous fluid theory [L. C. Steinhauer and A. Ishida, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2422 (1990)] is applied to the tilting instability of field-reversed configurations (FRC) using realistic equilibria and a more complete basis set than in the previous treatment. This leads to two important new results. (1) Quantitative agreement is found for the first time between experiment and the theory of FRC tilting stability, i.e., the stability of nearly all FRCs can be explained by the gyroviscous theory. (2) Quantitative agreement (within 30%) is also found between the gyroviscous theory (with modifications to account approximately for parallel kinetics and the Hall effect) and the more complete—but harder to apply—Vlasov-fluid model.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 2 (1990), S. 2422-2430 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The variational formulation for a gyroviscous fluid plasma is constructed. This theory offers a fluid-based description of perpendicular kinetic effects, generally called finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects. This approach avoids the complexity of a more complete kinetic treatment and avoids local singularities that can appear in the standard FLR expansion treatment. The method is applied to the internal tilt mode of a field-reversed configuration (FRC), an instance where standard FLR theory clearly breaks down. The relative simplicity of the variational gyroviscous fluid theory allows easy computation of stability properties, including the scaling of marginal stability conditions.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4813-4822 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: One important issue with regard to acceleration of electrons in free space using intense laser beams is the phase slippage of the electrons relative to the electromagnetic field. This arises from a phase velocity mismatch between the electron and light wave. Left uncontrolled this slippage can result in degradation of the e-beam characteristics (e.g., emittance) and dispersion of the electron bunches. By a method similar to microwave accelerators, multistaging offers a means to control the e-beam evolution by tuning each successive stage. The phase of the electron bunches relative to the laser field at the entrance of each section determines the acceleration and/or focusing that ensues in that section; therefore, the entrance phase is a natural tuning parameter. It is shown that by controlling the entrance phase it is possible to preserve the e-beam quality, both transverse (emittance) and longitudinal (bunching, energy spread). Calculations of the longitudinal and transverse beam dynamics are performed to determine the evolution of a finite-emittance e beam from stage to stage. By this method the conditions on entrance phase that allow successful e-beam trapping are found. It is also shown that conditions that assure e-beam trapping automatically preserve the overall beam quality.
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