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  • 1
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    Similar controls on calcification under ocean acidification across unrelated coral reef taxa (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs which are heavily reliant on calcareous species. OA decreases seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), and increases the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Intense scientific effort has attempted to determine the mechanisms via which ocean acidification (OA) influences calcification, led by early hypotheses that calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) is the main driver. We grew corals and coralline algae for 8–21 weeks, under treatments where the seawater parameters Ω, pH, and DIC were manipulated to examine their differential effects on calcification rates and calcifying fluid chemistry (Ωcf, pHcf, and DICcf). Here, using long duration experiments, we provide geochemical evidence that differing physiological controls on carbonate chemistry at the site of calcification, rather than seawater Ω, are the main determinants of calcification. We found that changes in seawater pH and DIC rather than Ω had the greatest effects on calcification and calcifying fluid chemistry, though the effects of seawater carbonate chemistry were limited. Our results demonstrate the capacity of organisms from taxa with vastly different calcification mechanisms to regulate their internal chemistry under extreme chemical conditions. These findings provide an explanation for the resistance of some species to OA, while also demonstrating how changes in seawater DIC and pH under OA influence calcification of key coral reef taxa.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Investigating marine bio‐calcification mechanisms in a changing ocean with in vivo and high‐resolution ex vivo Raman spectroscopy (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Newly developed in vivo and high‐resolution Raman spectroscopy analyses of marine calcifying organisms enable characterization of their mineralogy and calcification mechanisms. Insights from these new Raman spectroscopy tools are helping us understand the sensitivity of these important organisms to ocean warming and acidification. Abstract Ocean acidification poses a serious threat to marine calcifying organisms, yet experimental and field studies have found highly diverse responses among species and environments. Our understanding of the underlying drivers of differential responses to ocean acidification is currently limited by difficulties in directly observing and quantifying the mechanisms of bio‐calcification. Here, we present Raman spectroscopy techniques for characterizing the skeletal mineralogy and calcifying fluid chemistry of marine calcifying organisms such as corals, coralline algae, foraminifera, and fish (carbonate otoliths). First, our in vivo Raman technique is the ideal tool for investigating non‐classical mineralization pathways. This includes calcification by amorphous particle attachment, which has recently been controversially suggested as a mechanism by which corals resist the negative effects of ocean acidification. Second, high‐resolution ex vivo Raman mapping reveals complex banding structures in the mineralogy of marine calcifiers, and provides a tool to quantify calcification responses to environmental variability on various timescales from days to years. We describe the new insights into marine bio‐calcification that our techniques have already uncovered, and we consider the wide range of questions regarding calcifier responses to global change that can now be proposed and addressed with these new Raman spectroscopy tools.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals (2017)
    Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Mariana Álvarez-Noriega; Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero; Kristen D. Anderson; Andrew H. Baird; Russell C. Babcock; Maria Beger; David R. Bellwood; Ray Berkelmans; Tom C. Bridge; Ian R. Butler; Maria Byrne; Neal E. Cantin; Steeve Comeau; Sean R. Connolly; Graeme S. Cumming; Steven J. Dalton; Guillermo Diaz-Pulido; C. Mark Eakin; Will F. Figueira; James P. Gilmour; Hugo B. Harrison; Scott F. Heron; Andrew S. Hoey; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Mia O. Hoogenboom; Emma V. Kennedy; Chao-yang Kuo; Janice M. Lough; Ryan J. Lowe; Gang Liu; Malcolm T. McCulloch; Hamish A. Malcolm; Michael J. McWilliam; John M. Pandolfi; Rachel J. Pears; Morgan S. Pratchett; Verena Schoepf; Tristan Simpson; William J. Skirving; Brigitte Sommer; Gergely Torda; David R. Wachenfeld; Bette L. Willis; Shaun K. Wilson
    Springer Nature
    In: Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-16
    Description: Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals Nature 543, 7645 (2017). doi:10.1038/nature21707 Authors: Terry P. Hughes, James T. Kerry, Mariana Álvarez-Noriega, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero, Kristen D. Anderson, Andrew H. Baird, Russell C. Babcock, Maria Beger, David R. Bellwood, Ray Berkelmans, Tom C. Bridge, Ian R. Butler, Maria Byrne, Neal E. Cantin, Steeve Comeau, Sean R. Connolly, Graeme S. Cumming, Steven J. Dalton, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, C. Mark Eakin, Will F. Figueira, James P. Gilmour, Hugo B. Harrison, Scott F. Heron, Andrew S. Hoey, Jean-Paul A. Hobbs, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Emma V. Kennedy, Chao-yang Kuo, Janice M. Lough, Ryan J. Lowe, Gang Liu, Malcolm T. McCulloch, Hamish A. Malcolm, Michael J. McWilliam, John M. Pandolfi, Rachel J. Pears, Morgan S. Pratchett, Verena Schoepf, Tristan Simpson, William J. Skirving, Brigitte Sommer, Gergely Torda, David R. Wachenfeld, Bette L. Willis & Shaun K. Wilson During 2015–2016, record temperatures triggered a pan-tropical episode of coral bleaching, the third global-scale event since mass bleaching was first documented in the 1980s. Here we examine how and why the severity of recurrent major bleaching events has varied at multiple scales, using aerial and
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Coralline algae elevate pH at the site of calcification under ocean acidification (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Coralline algae provide important ecosystem services but are susceptible to the impacts of ocean acidification. However, the mechanisms are uncertain, and the magnitude is species specific. Here, we assess whether species-specific responses to ocean acidification of coralline algae are related to differences in pH at the site of calcification within the calcifying fluid/medium (pH cf ) using δ 11 B as a proxy. Declines in δ 11 B for all three species are consistent with shifts in δ 11 B expected if B(OH) 4 − was incorporated during precipitation. In particular, the δ 11 B ratio in Amphiroa anceps was too low to allow for reasonable pH cf values if B(OH) 3 rather than B(OH) 4 − was directly incorporated from the calcifying fluid. This points towards δ 11 B being a reliable proxy for pH cf for coralline algal calcite and that if B(OH) 3 is present in detectable proportions, it can be attributed to secondary postincorporation transformation of B(OH) 4 − . We thus show that pH cf is elevated during calcification and that the extent is species specific. The net calcification of two species of coralline algae ( Sporolithon durum , and Amphiroa anceps ) declined under elevated CO 2 , as did their pH cf . Neogoniolithon sp. had the highest pH cf , and most constant calcification rates, with the decrease in pH cf being ¼ that of seawater pH in the treatments, demonstrating a control of coralline algae on carbonate chemistry at their site of calcification. The discovery that coralline algae upregulate pH cf under ocean acidification is physiologically important and should be included in future models involving calcification. Coralline algae are susceptible to the impacts of ocean acidification, although the magnitude is species specific, and mechanisms responsible are unknown. We show for the first time that pH in the calcifying fluid (pH cf ) is elevated during calcification, and the extent is species specific. The degree to which calcification will be impacted by ocean acidification is linked to species-specific relationships between pH cf and seawater pH.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Proton gradients across the coral calcifying cell layer: effects of light, ocean acidification and carbonate chemistry (2022)
    PANGAEA
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-13
    Description: Internal pH measurements made in the extracellular calcifying medium (ECM), calcifying (calicoblastic) epithelium and mesoglea of the coral Stylophora pistillata using the fluorescent dye SNARF-1 and confocal microscopy. The measurements were made in light and darkness three experiments. Experiment 1 involved using coral samples maintained at pH 8 seawater. Experiment 2 involved placing samples in 4 seawater acidification conditions: pH 8, 7.8, 7.4 and 7.2 for 1 week. Experiment 3 involved placing samples in 4 levels of dissolved inorganic carbon concentration: elevated; ambient, low and very low for one week. The research was carried out at the Centre Scientifique de Monaco between 2014-2017. The aim of the experiment was to determine the pH gradient across the calcifying cell layer and determine how it responded to the three experiments.
    Keywords: biomineralization; Climate change; Comment; Confocal Microscope, Leica, SP5; EXP; Experiment; Experiment/study setup; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory-experiments; pH; pH, extracellular; pH, extracellular, standard deviation; pH, intracellular; pH, intracellular, standard deviation; pH, mesoglea; pH, mesoglea, standard deviation; pH, standard deviation; pH regulation; physiology; Salinity; scleractinians; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (Semantic URI); Species, unique identification (URI); Temperature, water; Thermometer; Treatment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 201 data points
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