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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arabidopsis as a Model System for Studying Plant Disease Resistance Mechanisms (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 646 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb18583.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRpt2 protein: demonstration of secretion and processing during bacterial pathogenesis (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 32 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) expressing avrRpt2 is specifically recognized by plant cells expressing RPS2 activity, resulting in localized cell death and plant resistance. Furthermore, transient expression of this bacterial avrRpt2 gene in plant cells results in RPS2-dependent cell death. This indicates that the AvrRpt2 protein is recognized inside RPS2 plant cells and is sufficient for the activation of disease resistance-mediated cell death in planta. We explored the possibility that Pst DC3000 delivers AvrRpt2 protein to plant cells via the hrp (type III) secretion pathway. We now provide direct evidence that mature AvrRpt2 protein is secreted from Pst DC3000 and that secretion is hrp dependent. We also show that AvrRpt2 is N-terminally processed when Arabidopsis thaliana plants are infected with Pst DC3000 expressing avrRpt2. Similar N-terminal processing of AvrRpt2 occurred when avrRpt2 was stably expressed in A. thaliana. No cleavage of AvrRpt2 was detected in bacteria expressing avrRpt2 in culture or in the plant extracellular fluids. The N-terminus of AvrRpt2 was not required for RPS2 recognition in planta. However, this region of AvrRpt2 was essential for Pst DC3000-mediated elicitation of RPS2-dependent cell death in A. thaliana leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01403.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and molecular evidence that the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector protein AvrRpt2 is a cysteine protease (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 49 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Upon delivery to the plant cell during infection, the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrRpt2 undergoes proteolytic processing, enhances pathogen virulence and causes the elimination of the Arabidopsis RIN4 protein. A structure-prediction method was employed in order to investigate possible biochemical functions of AvrRpt2. Results of a secondary structure prediction algorithm suggest that the functional C-terminal portion of AvrRpt2 is a cysteine protease. Mutation of predicted catalytic residues within this portion of AvrRpt2 abolished in planta processing, elimination of Arabidopsis RIN4, and the ability to trigger an RPS2-specific resistance response. These data indicate that AvrRpt2 is most likely a sequence divergent cysteine protease whose activity is required for elimination of RIN4 during infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03666.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and characterization of genes specifically expressed during infection stages in the rice blast fungus (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 222 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We isolated promoters of 12 genes from the rice blast fungus based on the sequences of randomly selected expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (appressorium formation stage cDNA library of Magnaporthe available from GenBank). These promoters (and the 5′ coding regions if any) were fused in frame with egfp, and their expression patterns were examined under the epifluorescence microscope. Among them, two turned out to be specifically active in structures necessary for infection, viz. a promoter of adenylate cyclase interacting protein 1-like gene expressed in conidia, germ tubes, and appressoria, and a promoter of putative membrane-associated or secreted protein gene specifically expressed in appressoria. Although targeted knockout mutants of either gene failed to show detectable phenotypic alterations under laboratory conditions, these ESTs should be useful for identification of genes expressed during infection stages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00307-0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular basis for evasion of plant host defence in bacterial spot disease of pepper (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 332 (1988), S. 541-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Bacterial spot disease of peppers is caused by X. c. pv. vesicatoria (Xcv)6'8. Peppers carrying the gene Bsl are resistant to Race 2 strains of Xcv. Inoculation of the cultivar ECW10R (Bs^Bst) with Xcv Race 2 causes a hypersensitive response9 (HR) in the region of infection. When ECW10R is ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332541a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Widespread distribution and fitness contribution of Xanthomonas campestris avirulence gene avrBs2 (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 346 (1990), S. 385-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In contrast to other X. c. vesicatoria avirulence genes which have been cloned13, the widespread distribution of avrBs2 is striking. Each of the other identified X. c. vesicatoria avirulence genes has a restricted distribution among the physiological races of the bacterial species11'13, but avrBs2 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346385a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Removal of atmospheric particles by leaves and twigs of urban trees: Some preliminary observations and assessment of research needs (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental management 1 (1977), S. 317-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Particulates ; TSP removal Trees ; Urban trees ; Sinks ; Mitigation ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the various lines of evidence that support the hypothesis that above-ground plant parts remove particulates from the atmosphere. Some scanning electron microscope observations of the particulate burden on leaves of London planetree are discussed. The authors present an outline of the kinds of research required to support or reject the hypothesis that urban woody plants are important air filters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01865859
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic characterization of the Pto locus of tomato: semi-dominance and cosegregation of resistance to Pseadomonas syringae pathovar tomato and sensitivity to the insecticide Fenthion (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 239 (1993), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Plant disease resistance genes ; Gene-forgene resistance ; Genetic mapping ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Pto locus governs resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato caused by race 0 strains of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Pst). Large populations segregating for the Pto locus were generated and genetically characterized. Analysis of the locus has revealed that Pto acts in a semi-dominant manner and cosegegrates with sensitivity to an organophosphorous insecticide, Fenthion, suggesting that Pto may be a complex locus responsible for both phenotypes. We have redefined its map position on chromosome five of the classical genetic map and assigned its position on the molecular map, thus facilitating the alignment of the two genetic maps of the short arm of chromosome five of tomato. Furthermore, we have screened random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers for their ability to differentiate near-isogenic lines that differ only with respect to Pto and have identified and mapped seven of these markers. Our results suggest that Pto may be located in a euchromatic region on chromosome five which will be advantageous for the cloning of this locus by one of several molecular strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281596
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization and hrp dependence of the avirulence gene avrPro from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 239 (1993), S. 6-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Avirulence gene ; Pseudomonas syringae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Disease resistance ; avrPto gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The avrPto avirulence gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) race 0 governs race-specific resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato cultivars containing the Pto resistance gene. The avrPto gene encodes 0.7 and 0.75 kb mRNAs whose predicted translation product is a mostly hydrophilic 164 amino acid protein of 18.3 kD a that reveals no homology to protein sequences in GenBank or EMBL databases. Highest expression of avrPto in cell culture is observed in minimal media containing sugars and sugar alcohols as carbon sources and lowest expression in minimal media containing tricarboxylic acid intermediates and in complex media. Expression of avrPto in planta is induced within 1 h following infection of both resistant and suceptible tomato plants by Pst, and increases over the first 6 h. Transcription of avrPto requires the hrpSR pathogenicity functions, but is independent of other Pst hrp genes. A region of the avrPto promoter shows homology to hrp box sequences upstream of other P. syringae genes that require the hrpSR locus for expression, and both avirulence activity and avrPto mRNA accumulation are abolished by deletions extending into this region. The avrPto transcription start site maps 31 nucleotides downstream of the hrp box motif.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281595
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and structural characterization of the avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Xanthomonas campestris ; Avirulence gene ; Disease resistance ; DNA sequence ; Deletion analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was cloned and found to be localized on a self-transmissable plasmid. Genetic analysis of an avrBs3 insertion mutation revealed that avrBs3 constitutes a single locus, specifying the resistant phenotype on pepper plants. Southern blot experiments showed that no DNA sequences homologous to avrBs3 were present in other races of X. c. pv. vesicatoria, which are unable to induce a hypersensitive reaction on ECW-30R. However, the DNA of several different pathovars of X. campestris hybridized to the avrBs3 probe. A deletion analysis defined a region of 3.6–3.7 kb essential for avrBs3 activity. The nucleotide sequence of this region was determined. A 3561 nucleotide open reading frame (ORF1), encoding a 125000 dalton protein, was found in the 3.7 kb region that was sufficient for avrBs3 activity. A second long ORF (2351 nucleotides) was identified on the other strand. A remarkable feature of both ORFs is the presence of 17 direct repeats of 102 bp which share 91%–100% homology with each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330575
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