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  • 1
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    El diablo en la montaña (2021)
    Institut français d’études andines
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: ¿Cómo se formaron las altas cadenas montañosas sobre la faz de la Tierra? Esta pregunta ha intrigado a grandes fdósofos y científicos, desde los griegos. El diablo en la montaña es la historia de un científico y escritor, Simon Lamb, y su búsqueda de una respuesta a este misterio geológico. Lamb y un pequeño equipo de geólogos pasó buena parte de una década explorando los accidentados Andes bolivianos, la segunda cadena de montañas más alta de la Tierra: una región de frecuentes terremotos y ...
    Keywords: Bolivie ; récit de voyage ; géologie ; chercheur ; paysage
    Language: Spanish
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
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    Is it all in the crust? (2002)
    In:  Nature, Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 420, no. 6912, pp. 130-131, pp. TC4004, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Stress ; Seismicity ; Hypocentral depth ; Strength
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Focusing of relative plate motion at a continental transform fault: Cenozoic dextral displacement 〉700 km on New Zealand's Alpine Fault, reversing 〉225 km of Late Cretaceous sinistral motion (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: The widely accepted ∼450 km Cenozoic dextral strike-slip displacement on New Zealand's Alpine Fault is large for continental strike-slip faults, but it is still less than 60% of the Cenozoic relative plate motion between the Australian and Pacific plates through Zealandia, with the remaining motion assumed to be taken up by rotation and displacement on other faults in a zone up to 300 km wide. We show here that the 450 km total displacement across the Alpine Fault is an artifact of assumptions about the geometry of New Zealand's basement terranes in the Eocene, and the actual Cenozoic dextral displacement across the active trace is greater than 665 km, with more than 700 km (and 〈785 km since 25 Ma) occurring in a narrow zone less than 10 km wide. This way, the Alpine Fault has accommodated almost all (〉94%) of the relative plate motion in the last 25 Ma at an average rate in excess of 28 mm/yr. It reverses more than 225 km (and 〈300 km) of sinistral shear through Zealandia in the Late Cretaceous, when Zealandia lay on the margin of Gondwana, providing a direct constraint on the kinematics of extension between East and West Antarctica at this time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    The nature of the plate interface and driving force of interseismic deformation in the New Zealand plate-boundary zone, revealed by the continuous GPS velocity field (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-23
    Description: [1]  New Zealand straddles the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plate. Cenozoic relative plate motion has resulted in a complex pattern of faulting and block rotation, with displacements on individual faults up to 100 s of kilometres. But over periods of several years, GPS measurements show a remarkably smooth pattern of velocities. We show here, using a new method of back-slip analysis, that almost the entire plate-boundary continuous GPS velocity field can be predicted within measurement error from a simple model of elastic distortion due to deep slip on a single plate interface (megathrust in the Hikurangi and Putsegur subduction zones, or fault through continental lithosphere beneath the Southern Alps) at the relative plate motion rates. This suggests that the main driving force of plate boundary deformation is slip on the deeper moving part of the plate interface, without buried creep in localized shear zones beneath individual surface faults. The depth at which this deep slip terminates (locking point line) determines the width of deformation. Along the Hikurangi margin, there is also clockwise rotation of ~150 km long segment of the forearc (Wairoa domain) at 4.5° ± 1 Ma, relative to the Australian Plate, about a pole in western North Island; model residuals in the velocity field are mainly a result of incomplete averaging of the cycle of slow slip events (SSEs) on the plate interface, down dip of the locking point.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Stress Orientations in a Locked Subduction Zone at the Southern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-06
    Description: We analyse the orientation of the stress field in the southern Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand, using focal mechanism inversions, S-wave splitting fast directions, and gravitational stresses. Here, the oceanic Pacific plate is being obliquely subducted beneath the continental Australian Plate in the New Zealand plate boundary zone. The study makes use of 399 earthquakes for focal mechanism inversion and 425 earthquakes for shear wave splitting analysis, located with a network of seismic stations spanning southern North Island. We distinguish between stresses in the Pacific Plate (from focal mechanism inversion) and Australian Plate (from S-wave fast directions) and gravitational stresses, in three regions: Western, Central Basin, and Eastern. In the Western region, the principal axis of horizontal compression (SHmax) is oriented NE-SW, parallel to the margin, in the upper Australian and lower Pacific Plate. In the Central Basin, SHmax in the Australian Plate is oriented NW-SE, perpendicular to the margin; in the lower subducting Pacific Plate SHmax is oriented NE-SW. In the Eastern region, SHmax is oriented NE-SW in the upper plate, while in the lower plate there is a change in orientation to NNW-SSE. We interpret the stress orientations of the lower plate in the Western and Central Basin regions as a consequence of bending of the subducting plate. Sources of upper Australian plate stresses are likely to be bending stresses, gravitational stresses, and tectonic loading, with differing relative magnitudes across the study area.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Microseismicity in southern South Island, New Zealand: Implications for the mechanism of crustal deformation adjacent to a major continental transform (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-01
    Description: Shallow (〈25km), diffuse crustal seismicity occurs in a zone up to 150km wide adjacent to the southern Alpine Fault, New Zealand, as a consequence of distributed shear and thickening in the obliquely convergent Australian-Pacific plate boundary zone. It has recently been proposed that continental convergence here is accommodated by oblique slip on a low angle detachment that underlies the region, and as such, forms a previously unrecognized mode of oblique continental convergence. We test this model using microseismicity, presenting a new, 15-month high-resolution microearthquake catalog for the Southern Lakes and northern Fiordland regions adjacent to the Alpine Fault. We determine the spatial distribution, moment release and style of microearthquakes, and show seismicity in the continental lithosphere is predominantly shallower than ~20km, in a zone up to 150km wide, but less frequent deeper microseismicity extending into the mantle, at depths of up to 100km is also observed. The geometry of the subducted oceanic Australian plate is well imaged, with a well-defined Benioff Zone to depths of ~150km. In detail, the depth of continental microseismicity shows considerable variation, with no clear link with major active surface faults, but rather represents diffuse cracking in response to the ambient stress release. The moment release rate is ~0.1% of that required to accommodate relative plate convergence, and the azimuth of the principal horizontal axis of contraction accommodated by microseismicity is 120 ° , 15–20 ° clockwise of the horizontal axis of contractional strain rate observed geodetically. Thus, short-term microseismicity, independent of knowledge of intermittent large magnitude earthquakes, may not be a good guide to the rate and orientation of long-term deformation, but is an indicator of the instantaneous state of stress and potential distribution of finite deformation. Thus, we show that both the horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of microseismicity can be explained in terms of a low angle detachment model.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Thermochronological evidence of a low-angle, midcrustal detachment plane beneath the central South Island, New Zealand (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-22
    Description: Oblique continental convergence and uplift in the Southern Alps, New Zealand is largely accommodated by dextral transpression on the Alpine Fault. However, towards the south of the orogen the Alpine Fault becomes increasingly strike-slip, despite evidence for high exhumation rates in the Pacific plate. Here, we present 41 new apatite and zircon fission-track ages to investigate the role of the southern Alpine Fault in Pacific plate exhumation since the Miocene. Through development of a new, maximum likelihood fission-track age calculation method (to overcome extremely low (〈 0.1 ppm) 238 U concentrations in apatites) we estimate the width of the fully reset apatite zone (ages 〈 5 Ma) southeast of the southern Alpine Fault, which has been previously overestimated. Instead, this zone is ∼30 km wide, rather than 60 km. We combine our exhumation profile with thermo-kinematic modelling to impose constraints on fault kinematics and deformation history. The surface cooling age pattern can be well reproduced by exhumation along a listric reverse fault, which shallows to a low-angle (6–10°) mid-crustal detachment beneath the Southern Lakes. This structure is comparable to the listric central Alpine Fault geometry previously constrained by thermo-kinematics models to the north of our study region. We propose this detachment plane is continuous beneath a large region of central South Island and may be acting to accommodate underthrusting of Australian crust beneath the Pacific plate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Stress field and kinematics for diffuse microseismicity in a zone of continental transpression, South Island, New Zealand (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-11
    Description: We analyze shallow (0–20 km) microseismicity adjacent to the Alpine Fault in New Zealand, where there is oblique convergence of the Australian and Pacific plates. Focal mechanisms for 155 earthquakes (June 2012 - October 2013) are inverted to determine the orientation of the stress field. This yields a principal horizontal axis of compression, S Hmax  = 114° ± 10°, which cannot be explained in terms of the sum of stress from tectonic loading due to plate convergence, indicated by GPS observations, and gravitational stresses. The azimuth of slip vectors for individual focal mechanisms cluster perpendicular and parallel to the plate convergence vector. These faults, however, strike at ~45° to S Hmax from the stress inversion, suggesting a very low coefficient of friction. The earthquake slip directions may be kinematically controlled, accommodating the plate convergence on a limited set of fractures, similar to the segmentation for neotectonic faulting along the Alpine Fault, which is partitioned into strike-slip and thrust segments at a 1–10 km scale. We suggest two possible controls on our calculated S Hmax azimuths. Firstly, there may be a slight clockwise bias in the estimates of S Hmax from earthquakes; slip may be occurring on a more limited range of fractures than assumed by the stress inversion method, although this effect is likely to be relatively small (±5°). More importantly, the components of the stress field may be relieved at different time scales during big earthquakes, resulting in a residual stress field that varies significantly (±15°) on timescales of several large earthquakes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Continent scale strike-slip on a low-angle fault beneath New Zealand's Southern Alps: Implications for crustal thickening in oblique collision zones (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-23
    Description: New Zealand's Southern Alps lie adjacent to the continent-scale dextral strike-slip Alpine Fault, on the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates. We show with a simple 2-D model of crustal balancing that the observed crustal root and erosion (expressed as equivalent crustal shortening) is up to twice that predicted by the orthogonal plate convergence since ∼11 Ma, and even since ∼23 Ma when the Alpine Fault formed. We consider two explanations for this, involving a strong component of motion along the length of the plate-boundary zone. Geophysical data indicate that the Alpine Fault has a listric geometry, flattening at mid-crustal levels, and has accommodated sideways underthrusting of Australian plate crust beneath Pacific plate crust. The geometry of the crustal root, together with plate reconstructions, require the underthrust crust to be the hyper-extended part of an asymmetric rift system which formed over 500 km farther south during the Eocene – the narrow remnant part today forms the western margin of the Campbell Plateau. At ∼10 Ma, the hyper-extended margin underwent shallow subduction in the Puysegur subduction zone, and then was dragged over 300 km along the length of the Southern Alps beneath a low angle (〈20°) section of the Alpine Fault. We speculate that prior to 10 Ma, more distributed lower crustal shortening and thickening occurred beneath the Southern Alps, accommodating southward extrusion of continental crust in the northern part of the plate boundary zone, providing a mechanism for clockwise rotation of the Hikurangi margin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Episodic kinematics in continental rifts modulated by changes in mantle melt fraction (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In: Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: Episodic kinematics in continental rifts modulated by changes in mantle melt fraction Nature 547, 7661 (2017). doi:10.1038/nature22962 Authors: Simon Lamb, James D. P. Moore, Euan Smith & Tim Stern Oceanic crust is created by the extraction of molten rock from underlying mantle at the seafloor ‘spreading centres’ found between diverging tectonic plates. Modelling studies have suggested that mantle melting can occur through decompression as the mantle flows upwards beneath spreading centres, but direct observation of this process is difficult beneath the oceans. Continental rifts, however—which are also associated with mantle melt production—are amenable to detailed measurements of their short-term kinematics using geodetic techniques. Here we show that such data can provide evidence for an upwelling mantle flow, as well as information on the dimensions and timescale of mantle melting. For North Island, New Zealand, around ten years of campaign and continuous GPS measurements in the continental rift system known as the Taupo volcanic zone reveal that it is extending at a rate of 6–15 millimetres per year. However, a roughly 70-kilometre-long segment of the rift axis is associated with strong horizontal contraction and rapid subsidence, and is flanked by regions of extension and uplift. These features fit a simple model that involves flexure of an elastic upper crust, which is pulled downwards or pushed upwards along the rift axis by a driving force located at a depth greater than 15 kilometres. We propose that flexure is caused by melt-induced episodic changes in the vertical flow forces that are generated by upwelling mantle beneath the rift axis, triggering a transient lower-crustal flow. A drop in the melt fraction owing to melt extraction raises the mantle flow viscosity and drives subsidence, whereas melt accumulation reduces viscosity and allows uplift—processes that are also likely to occur in oceanic spreading centres.
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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