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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liars and Inspectors: Optimal Financial Contracts When Monitoring is Non-Observable (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Contributions to theoretical economics 6.2006, 1, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1534-5971
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Within a costly state verification setting, we derive the optimal financial contract between an entrepreneur, a (potentially financing) supervisor and a pure investor when there is non-verifiable and non-contractible monitoring and limited liability. We show that diversion of cash flows to the entrepreneur arises as optimal behaviour and that to get the best reporting and monitoring incentives it is crucial to separate the financing from the monitoring role. In particular, higher efficiency can be achieved by ensuring that the entrepreneur and the supervisor do not collect any cash flows in low states. These should be paid to a third party instead, the pure investor, who in exchange provides funding. However, whether the pure investor entirely finances the project (and the supervisor purely acts as a monitor) or only provides partial finance (with the supervisor cofinancing) is immaterial, as the optimal financing of the project can justify a range of alternative financial structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejte/contributions/vol6/iss1/art3
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organizational flexibility for a changing world (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 23 (2002), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Strategic flexibility is an increasingly sought-after competitive element in today's fast-paced and changing world. Theoretical discussion on how to achieve flexibility includes, among other things, building dynamic capabilities, maintaining multiple options, and supporting horizontal communication and teamwork among employees. These and other aspects of flexibility can, in part, be supported through the organizational structure. Organizational theory offers a number of combinations of options for the designer. With a variety of choices, and a need to have both control of execution and flexibility for change, a two-level structure may support the combination of benefits that is a source of advantage. Proposes that organizations can maintain their operational structure at one level, while experimenting with a loosely bounded developmental organizational layer. Suggests that this complementary organizational tier provides space and support for a combination of self-development and self-organized efforts consistent with established incentives and values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437730210424057
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automation in American libraries (1968)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 2 (1968), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract Despite its concentration on technical developments in library science, this survey is offered here because it is relevant to humanists for two reasons: first, that humanists all use libraries and therefore need to encourage their evolution to higher levels of efficiency, and, second, that the procedures outlined here may be of help to humanists in establishing procedures for their own research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404514
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses to object approach by a wide field visual neurone, the LGMD2 of the locust: Characterization and image cues (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 180 (1997), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Vision  ;  Brain  ;  Insect  ;  Collision  ;  Intracellular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The LGMD2 belongs to a group of giant movement-detecting neurones which have fan-shaped arbors in the lobula of the locust optic lobe and respond to movements of objects. One of these neurones, the LGMD1, has been shown to respond directionally to movements of objects in depth, generating vigorous, maintained spike discharges during object approach. Here we compare the responses of the LGMD2 neurone with those of the LGMD1 to simulated movements of objects in depth and examine different image cues which could allow the LGMD2 to distinguish approaching from receding objects. In the absence of stimulation, the LGMD2 has a resting discharge of 10–40 spikes s−1 compared with 〈1 spike s−1 for the LGMD1. The most powerful excitatory stimulus for the LGMD2 is a dark object approaching the eye. Responses to approaching objects are suppressed by wide field movements of the background. Unlike the LGMD1, the LGMD2 is not excited by the approach of light objects; it specifically responds to movement of edges in the light to dark direction. Both neurones rely on the same monocular image cues to distinguish approaching from receding objects: an increase in the velocity with which edges of images travel over the eye; and an increase in the extent of edges in the image during approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050041
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic transmission between second- and third-order neurones of a locust ocellus (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 145 (1981), S. 265-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. This paper describes the operation of synapses which large, second-order neurones of each ocellus of a locust (L-neurones) make with a pair of large, identified descending neurones on either side of the brain (Fig. 1). Intracellular recordings were made from the axons of the L-neurones, and usually from the cell bodies of the third-order neurones. 2. The third-order neurones respond, in addition to changes in illumination, to currents of air which deflect wind sensitive hairs on the head (Fig. 2B). 3. Both L-neurones and the third-order neurones hyperpolarise when their ocellus is illuminated (Figs. 2, 3). The hyperpolarising responses of the third-order neurones saturate at a light intensity which is well within the range of intensities to which the L-neurones respond (Fig. 3). L-neurones and third-order ocellar neurones produce sharply rising regenerative responses when a bright light is switched off, and the third-order neurones spike at less intense changes in illumination than L-neurones do (Fig. 3A). 4. L-neurones make excitatory chemical synapses with the third-order ocellar neurones (Figs. 4, 5). In steady daylight illumination, L-neurones continually release transmitter onto the third-order neurones (Fig. 4). The hyperpolarising responses of the third-order neurones to increases in illumination are due to decreases in the rate of release of transmitter from the L-neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605039
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions made by large second-order neurones of the median ocellus of the locust (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1986), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The median ocellus of a locust is connected with each lateral ocellus by a pair of neurones, called ML-neurones. A bilateral pair of M1 neurones also connect the median ocellus with the brain. 2. Each ML-neurone derives a similar type of input from neurones in each ocellus which it innervates, and signals from the two ocelli sum in the axon of the ML-neurone. The axon has a length of about 3.8 mm, which is of the order of twice the electrotonic length constant. Only hyperpolarising responses to increased ocellar illumination have been recorded. 3. Each ML-neurone makes a reciprocal inhibitory interaction with the other three ML-neurones. The duration for which these inhibitory interactions can sustain transmission is severely limited. 4. The ML-neurones make excitatory interactions with the left and right M1-neurones. These interactions are probably capable of maintaining transmission for long periods, but the interactions are relatively weak. 5. Some interactions have been found between large second-order ocellar neurones (L-neurones) and small neurones which produce trains of spikes in the ocellar nerves (S-neurones). L-neurones make excitatory interactions with S-neurones which are inhibited by light, and inhibitory interactions with S-neurones which are excited by light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612500
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of temperature on locust ocellar L-neurones and their interconnections (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1990), S. 575-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Temperature ; Locust ; Ocellus ; Synaptic transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of temperature, over the range 10–40 °C, on properties of locust (Schistocerca gregaria) ocellar L-neurones and of their interconnections have been investigated. At cooler temperatures, a small change in temperature has a larger effect than an equivalent change at warmer temperatures. An increase in temperature leads to the following: 1. A decrease in input resistance, which typically halves in value as temperature increases from 15 °C to 35 °C. When synaptic transmission between photoreceptor cells and L-neurones is blocked with cobalt, temperature still affects L-neurone resistance. The membrane time constant also decreases, but the resting potential is unaffected. 2. An increase in the sizes of rebound spikes, which are produced when hyperpolarizing pulses end. Above 35 °C, the maximum size of rebound spike is smaller than that at cooler temperatures. 3. A decrease in the latency to response to light, and an increase in the speeds of the transient responses to changes in light. 4. A decrease in the latency of transmission at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses between L-neurones. 5. At excitatory synapses between L-neurones, an increase in the postsynaptic current. This is compensated by a decrease in postsynaptic membrane resistance, so that there is little effect on the size of the postsynaptic potential. 6. At inhibitory synapses between L-neurones, a decrease in the time for the postsynaptic potential to reach its peak. The time for recovery of transmission at inhibitory synapses is unaffected by temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192028
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The operation of connexions between photoreceptors and large second-order neurones in dragonfly ocelli (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 149 (1982), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Photoreceptors and large second-order neurones (L-neurones) of dragonfly ocelli have been penetrated simultaneously with microelectrodes to study the operation of the synapse between them. The responses of L-neurones to changes in illumination are of opposite polarity and are more phasic than those of photoreceptors. 1. When pulses of light are superimposed on a constant background illumination, the phasic nature of L-neurone responses is often enhanced. Sometimes, during a light stimulus, an L-neurone is depolarised relative to its resting potential. With rapidly repeated short pulses of light, responses of L-neurones decrement markedly, although the full response of photoreceptors is maintained. 2. Passive membrane properties of L-neurones cannot contribute significantly to the cutback in the hyperpolarising response of these neurones to light on. 3. When depolarising or hyperpolarising currents are injected into a photoreceptor, responses in an L-neurone it synapses with are of opposite polarity and markedly phasic. The voltage gain of the connexion between one photoreceptor and an L-neurone can be as great as nine. 4. No evidence for feedback connexions from L-neurones to photoreceptors has been found. 5. Conductance measurements on some L-neurones indicate that synaptically-induced currents may make a small contribution to the cutback in the hyperpolarising response to light on. 6. Some L-neurones make rapidly decrementing inhibitory connexions with other L-neurones. 7. A variety of neurones which respond to changes in illumination by alterations in spike rate have been found. Some of these connect with L-neurones. 8. Possible mechanisms for the cutback in the hyperpolarising response of an L-neurone at light on include intrinsic properties of the pre- or postsynaptic terminals, and excitatory synapses made by small second-order neurones on L-neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619154
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission mediated with and without spikes at connexions between large second-order neurones of locust ocelli (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 147 (1982), S. 401-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Large second-order neurones of locust ocelli (L-neurones) make both excitatory and inhibitory connexions with each other. Small, graded depolarisations and hyperpolarisations are transmitted at the excitatory connexions but, at the inhibitory connexions, spikes in the presynaptic neurone are required for transmission. 1. L-neurones spike, usually once only, when hyperpolarisations end rapidly. The hyperpolarisations can be caused either by illumination of the ocellus, or by injection of current. The amplitude of a spike depends both upon the amplitude and the duration of the preceding hyperpolarisation (Fig. 1B). 2. At the excitatory connexions, the resting potential of the presynaptic neurone normally lies depolarised from the threshold for transmission, so that both small hyperpolarisations and depolarisations effect changes in postsynaptic potential (Fig. 2A, B). Over periods of several minutes, there is no sign of decrement in transmission at these connexions (Fig. 2D). Spikes in the presynaptic neurone usually ensure that the postsynaptic neurone also spikes. 3. At the inhibitory connexions, the postsynaptic potential decrements within 10–20 ms (Fig. 3A). Because of this, rapidly rising presynaptic potentials, such as spikes, are required for transmission. Also, presynaptic hyperpolarisations do not effect changes in postsynaptic potential. Following an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, transmission at an inhibitory connexion remains depressed for about a second (Figs. 3B, C). 4. All three members of one anatomical class of L-neurone (L1–3; C.S. Goodman 1976) of a lateral ocellus make reciprocal inhibitory connexions with each other (Fig. 7B; Table 1). Some of these neurones are presynaptic at excitatory connexions with another class (L4–5; Fig. 7A). Many L-neurones do not project to the whole area of the retina, and most project to the dorsal or ventral halves (Fig. 6). The excitatory connexions may sharpen responsiveness to decreases in illumination, and the inhibitory connexions may enhance the detection of rapid movements of large objects, such as the visual horizon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609674
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  • 10
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    Decision-makers' perspectives on the use of bioaccessibility for risk-based regulation of contaminated land (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0160-4120
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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