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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the pentahydrate of the samarium(III) perchlorate complex with the crown polyether 1,4,7,10,13-petaoxacyclopentadecane, [Sm(C"1"0H"2"0O"5)"2(H"2O)"4^3^+.3ClO^-^4.H"2O
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Inorganica Chimica Acta 94 (1984), S. 43-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-1693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020-1693(00)94513-4
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation in polystyrene latex interpenetrating polymer networks (1990)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 629-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polystyrene/polystyrene latex interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerzation of styrene-divinylbenzene mixtures in crosslinked monodisperse polystyrene seed latexes. The resulting latexes comprised uniform nonspherical particles, which were formed by separation of the second-stage monomer from the crosslinked seed network during swelling and polymerization. The kinetics of phase separation were investigated by examining the changes in particle morphology using optical microscopy, which revealed that the phase separation was induced by the relaxation of the polymer chains before polymerization began and was enhanced by increased conversion. The thermodynamics of phase separation were investigated by analysis of the free-energy changes during swelling and polymerization, and the phase separation was described by a nucleation-and-growth mechanism. The results of this study have been applied to the design and synthesis of a series of uniform nonspherical particles of different morphology.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280314
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uniform nonspherical latex particles as model interpenetrating polymer networks (1990)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 653-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polystyrene/polystyrene latex interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene-divinylbenzene mixtures in crosslinked monodisperse polystyrene particles. The resulting latexes comprised uniform nonspherical particles, e.g., ellipsodal and egg-like singlets, symmetry and asymmetric doublets, and ice cream cone-like and popcorn-like multiplets. The nonspherical particles, which were formed by separation of the second-stage monomer from the crosslinked seed network during swelling and polymerization, are excellent models for studying phase separation in IPN's. The degree of phase separation increased with increasing degree of crosslinking of the seed particles, monomer/polymer swelling ratio, polymerization temperature, and seed particle size, and with decreasing divinylbenzene concentration in the swelling monomer. The results were consistent with a thermodynamic analysis based on the elastic-retractile force of the polymer network, the monomer/polymer mixing force, and interfacial tension force.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280315
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
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    Preparation of large-particle-size monodisperse latexes in space (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results are reported of latex sphere polymerization experiments performed on two flights of the Columbia and three flights of the Challenger. The trials were carried out because polymerization of the spheres in space avoids coagulation, nucleation of a new crop of particles, and excessive stirring requirements, and allows growth of spheres larger than 4 microns diam. The Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR) held four stirred 100 cc sealed stainless steel cylindrical containers. The mixtures were monitored for the conversion times, volume decreases as spheres formed and the mixture temperature. The spheres were grown from 0.19 micron seeds. Details of the flight preparation efforts are outlined. In flights which did not experience mechanical malfunctions spheres 3-30 microns diam were grown that had noticeably lower size variations than did the ground-based control particles. The 10 micron diam spheres grown on STS-6 were accepted as standard reference material by the NBS and became the first products made in space to be commercially sold on earth; the 30 micron spheres also became NBS standards. The experiments confirmed all projected benefits of producing the spheres in space, as well as provided the opportunity to grow more larger offsize spheres by finishing the growths on earth.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    The first products made in space - Monodisperse latex particles (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monodisperse latex particles developed by seeded emulsion polymerization on various Space Shuttle flights are analyzed. The flight hardware was composed of a monodisperse latex reactor and a support electronics package, and the particles were examined by optical microscopy and TEM. Data on the particle size distributions, larger and smaller off-size particles, and conversion-time curves for the particles are examined and compared to ground-based results. It is observed that the ground-based polymerizations have more coagulum than the flight polymerizations; the flight latex particles have narrower size distributions than the ground particles; and the number of off-size larger particles in the flight particles is smaller than in the ground data.
    Keywords: MATERIALS PROCESSING
    Type: AIAA PAPER 87-0389
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    The first products made in space: Monodisperse latex particles (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The preparation of large particle size 3 to 30 micrometer monodisperse latexes in space confirmed that original rationale unequivocally. The flight polymerizations formed negligible amounts of coagulum as compared to increasing amounts for the ground-based polymerizations. The number of offsize large particles in the flight latexes was smaller than in the ground-based latexes. The particle size distribution broadened and more larger offsize particles were formed when the polymerizations of the partially converted STS-4 latexes were completed on Earth. Polymerization in space also showed other unanticipated advantages. The flight latexes had narrower particle size distributions than the ground-based latexes. The particles of the flight latexes were more perfect spheres than those of the ground-based latexes. The superior uniformity of the flight latexes was confirmed by the National Bureau of Standards acceptance of the 10 micrometer STS-6 latex and the 30 micrometer STS-11 latexes as Standard Reference Materials, the first products made in space for sale on Earth. The polymerization rates in space were the same as those on Earth within experimental error. Further development of the ground-based polymerization recipes gave monodisperse particles as large as 100 micrometer with tolerable levels of coagulum, but their uniformity was significantly poorer than the flight latexes. Careful control of the polymerization parameters gave uniform nonspherical particles: symmetrical and asymmetrical doublets, ellipsoids, egg-shaped, ice cream cone-shaped, and popcorn-shaped particles.
    Keywords: MATERIALS PROCESSING
    Type: NASA, Washington, Microgravity Science and Applications Flight Programs, January - March 1987, Selected Papers, Volume 2; p 773-789
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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