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  • 1
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    Fault gouge graphitization as evidence of past seismic slip (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-09
    Description: One moderate- to large-magnitude earthquake (M 〉 6) nucleates in Earth’s crust every three days on average, but the geological record of ancient fault slip at meters-per-second seismic velocities (as opposed to subseismic slow-slip creep) remains debated because of the lack of established fault-zone evidence of seismic slip. Here we show that the irreversible temperature-dependent transformation of carbonaceous material (CM, a constituent of many fault gouges) into graphite is a reliable tracer of seismic fault slip. We sheared CM-bearing fault rocks in the laboratory at just above subseismic and at seismic velocities under both water-rich and water-deficient conditions and modeled the temperature evolution with slip. By means of micro-Raman spectroscopy and focused-ion beam transmission electron microscopy, we detected graphite grains similar to those found in the principal slip zone of the A.D. 2008 Wenchuan (Mw 7.9) earthquake (southeast Tibet) only in experiments conducted at seismic velocities. The experimental evidence presented here suggests that high-temperature pulses associated with seismic slip induce graphitization of CM. Importantly, the occurrence of graphitized fault-zone CM may allow us to ascertain the seismogenic potential of faults in areas worldwide with incomplete historical earthquake catalogues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 979–982
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Melting of fault gouge at shallow depth during the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China (2024)
    GSA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Typical rocks at shallow depths of seismogenic faults are fluid-rich gouges. During earthquakes, on-fault frictional heating may trigger thermal pressurization and dynamic fault weakening. We show that frictional melting, rather than thermal pressurization, occurred at shallow depths during the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. One year after the Wenchuan earthquake, we found an ~2-mm-thick, glass-bearing pseudotachylyte (solidified frictional melt) in the fault gouges retrieved at 732.6 m depth from the first borehole of the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project. The matrix of pseudotachylyte is enriched in barium and cut by barite-bearing veins, which provide evidence of co- and postseismic fluid percolation. Because pseudotachylyte can be rapidly altered in the presence of percolating fluids, its preservation suggests that gouge melting occurred in a recent large earthquake, possibly the Wenchuan earthquake. Rock friction experiments on fluid-rich fault gouges deformed at conditions expected for seismic slip at borehole depths showed the generation of pseudotachylytes. This result, along with the presence of a second slip zone attributed to the Wenchuan earthquake at 589.2 m depth, implies that during large earthquakes, frictional melting can occur at shallow depths and that seismic slip can be accommodated by multiple faults. This conclusion is consistent with the evidence from surface faulting that multiple ruptures propagated during the Wenchuan earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: 345–350
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Past environmental changes in the Sea of Okhotsk during the last 1.5 Ma reconstructed using long-chain diol proxies (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Lattaud, Julie; Lo, Li; Zeeden, Christian; Liu, Ya-Jun; Song, Sheng-Rong; van der Meer, Marcel T J; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S; Schouten, Stefan (2019): A multiproxy study of past environmental changes in the Sea of Okhotsk during the last 1.5 Ma. Organic Geochemistry, 132, 50-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2019.04.003
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: Long-chain diols have been detected in a wide range of environments and have been used to reconstruct past environmental changes, however only a few long-term records exist to date. Here we reconstructed past environmental changes in the central Sea of Okhotsk over the last 1.5 million years, covering the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT). Sea surface temperatures (SST) reconstructed using the Long-Chain Diol Index (LDI) reflects glacial/interglacial changes. However, when compared with other organic paleothermometers (Uk'37 and TEXL86) the LDI-SST is lower during interglacials and similar or higher during glacials possibly suggesting a shift of diol production season during interglacials. The LDI-SST does not change in periodicity around the MPT as observed for the TEXL86, likely due to this seasonal shift. Diatom productivity, as recorded by 1,14-diols and biogenic opal content, increased during the main deglaciations with a succession from Proboscia diatoms to diatoms with a more heavily silicified shell, confirming that primary productivity in the central Sea of Okhotsk is driven by sea-ice progress and retreat. In contrast to the LDI-SST, the 1,14-diols record shows a change in periodicity around the MPT from 41- to 100-kyr cycle, suggesting an influence of orbital parameters on diatom productivity. In the central Sea of Okhotsk, the relative amount of C32 1,15-diol (FC32 1,15), a proxy for riverine input, correlates with sea-level change with more riverine-derived material reaching the core site when the Amur River mouth is closer at lower sea-levels. In agreement, FC32 1,15 shows a change in periodicity during the MPT, with the appearance of a 100-kyr cycle. Our results show that the long chain diols can provide important paleoceanographic information in subpolar environments over long time scales, but that temperature reconstructions can be severely impacted by changes in seasonality.
    Keywords: Giant piston corer; GPC; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD012414; MD01-2414; MD122; NIOZ_UU; NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University; Sea of Ochotsk
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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  • 4
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    SST reconstruction for sediment core MD01-2414 (2018)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Keywords: AGE; Branched and isoprenoid tetraether index; Calculated after Willmott et al. (2010); DEPTH, sediment/rock; Diol index; Giant piston corer; GPC; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Long chain diol, C32 1,15-diol, fractional abundance; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD012414; MD01-2414; MD122; NIOZ_UU; NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University; Sea of Ochotsk; Sea surface temperature, annual mean; SST, from long chain diol index (LDI); SST, from TEXL86; SST, from UK'37; Sum long chain diols, C28 1,14-diol + C30 1,14-diol
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2731 data points
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  • 5
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    Delta Deuterium measurement on sediment core MD01-2414 (2018)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Keywords: AGE; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Giant piston corer; GPC; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD012414; MD01-2414; MD122; NIOZ_UU; NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University; Sea of Ochotsk; δ Deuterium; δ Deuterium, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 91 data points
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  • 6
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    Opal content of sediment core MD01-2414 (2018)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Keywords: AGE; Giant piston corer; GPC; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD012414; MD01-2414; MD122; NIOZ_UU; NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University; Opal, biogenic silica; Sea of Ochotsk
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1036 data points
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  • 7
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    Geological reference standards (JLK-1,JSD-1, JSD-2, JSD-3,JMS-1, JMS-2) measured by Itrax-XRF core scanner in different exposure times (2016)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Huang, Jyh-Jaan; Löwemark, Ludvig; Chang, Queenie; Lin, Tzu-Yu; Chen, Huei-Fen; Song, Sheng-Rong; Wei, Kuo-Yen (2016): Choosing optimal exposure times for XRF core-scanning: Suggestions based on the analysis of geological reference materials. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17(4), 1558-1566, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006256
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-05
    Description: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core-scanning is a fast and nondestructive technique to assess elemental variations of unprocessed sediments. However, although the exposure time of XRF-scanning directly affects the scanning counts and total measurement time, only a few studies have considered the influence of exposure time during the scan. How to select an optimal exposure time to achieve reliable results and reduce the total measurement time is an important issue. To address this question, six geological reference materials from the Geological Survey of Japan (JLK-1, JMS-1, JMS-2, JSD-1, JSD-2, and JSD-3) were scanned by the Itrax-XRF core scanner using the Mo- and the Cr-tube with different exposure times to allow a comparison of scanning counts with absolute concentrations. The regression lines and correlation coefficients of elements that are generally used in paleoenvironmental studies were examined for the different exposure times and X-ray tubes. The results show that for those elements with relatively high concentrations or high detectability, the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.90 for all exposure times. In contrast, for the low detectability or low concentration elements, the correlation coefficients are relatively low, and improve little with increased exposure time. Therefore, we suggest that the influence of different exposure times is insignificant for the accuracy of the measurements. Thus, caution must be taken when interpreting the results of elements with low detectability, even when the exposure times are long and scanning counts are reasonably high.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet, 355.7 kBytes
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  • 8
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    Effects and forcings on sea ice index for marine sediment core MD01-2414 from the central Okhotsk Sea (2018)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Keywords: AGE; Giant piston corer; GPC; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD012414; MD01-2414; MD122; Number; Sea of Ochotsk
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 520 data points
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  • 9
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    Summer sea surface temperatures for marine sediment core MD01-2414 from the central Okhotsk Sea (2018)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Keywords: AGE; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Giant piston corer; GPC; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD012414; MD01-2414; MD122; Sea of Ochotsk; Sea surface temperature, summer
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 63 data points
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  • 10
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    Proxy and simulation data for marine sediment core MD01-2414 from the central Okhotsk Sea (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Lo, Li; Belt, Simon T; Lattaud, Julie; Friedrich, Tobias; Zeeden, Christian; Schouten, Stefan; Smik, Lukas; Timmermann, Axel; Cabedo-Sanz, Patricia; Huang, Jyh-Jaan; Zhou, Liping; Ou, Tsong-Hua; Chang, Yuan-Pin; Wang, Liang-Chi; Chou, Yu-Min; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Chen, Min-Te; Wei, Kuo-Yen; Song, Sheng-Rong; Fang, Tien-Hsi; Gorbarenko, Sergey A; Wang, Wei-Lung; Lee, Teh-Quei; Elderfield, Henry; Hodell, David A (2018): Precession and atmospheric CO 2 modulated variability of sea ice in the central Okhotsk Sea since 130,000 years ago. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 488, 36-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.02.005
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: Recent reduction in high-latitude sea ice extent demonstrates that sea ice is highly sensitive to external and internal radiative forcings. In order to better understand sea ice system responses to external orbital forcing and internal oscillations on orbital timescales, here we reconstruct changes in sea ice extent and summer sea surface temperature (SSST) over the past 130,000 yrs in the central Okhotsk Sea. We applied novel organic geochemical proxies of sea ice (IP25), SSST (TEXL86) and open water marine productivity (a tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid and biogenic opal) to marine sediment core MD01-2414 (53°11.77'N, 149°34.80'E, water depth 1123 m). To complement the proxy data, we also carried out transient Earth system model simulations and sensitivity tests to identify contributions of different climatic forcing factors. Our results show that the central Okhotsk Sea was ice-free during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e and the early-mid Holocene, but experienced variable sea ice cover during MIS 2-4, consistent with intervals of relatively high and low SSST, respectively. Our data also show that the sea ice extent was governed by precession-dominated insolation changes during intervals of atmospheric CO2 concentrations ranging from 190 to 260 ppm. However, the proxy record and the model simulation data show that the central Okhotsk Sea was near ice-free regardless of insolation forcing throughout the penultimate interglacial, and during the Holocene, when atmospheric CO2 was above ~260 ppm. Past sea ice conditions in the central Okhotsk Sea were therefore strongly modulated by both orbital-driven insolation and CO2-induced radiative forcing during the past glacial/interglacial cycle.
    Keywords: Giant piston corer; GPC; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD012414; MD01-2414; MD122; Sea of Ochotsk
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 6 datasets
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