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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    The compression of wet snow (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/10
    In: CRREL Report, 78-10
    Description / Table of Contents: The compressibility of wet snow is described in terms of pressure melting and nonlinear viscous deformation at grain contacts. The results of experiments with different salinities and liquid water contents are compared with computed densities. The decreasing compressibility of wet snow with increasing salinity and decreasing liquid content is quantified and explained. Simultaneous particle growth and the doubly charged layer at phase boundaries are included in the model. The results show that the density of wet snow increases approximately as a power of time but is highly dependent on the stress, initial particle size, liquid water content, and ionic impurity content of the snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9405
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the hindered rotation barrier in unsym-dimethylselenourea and comparison with similar compounds (1971)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 75 (1971), S. 3372-3374 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100690a029
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interdiffusion study of magnesium in magnetite thin films grown on magnesium oxide (001) substrates (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 1727-1733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetite (Fe3O4) films and multilayers were grown using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and result in single-phase films grown in registry with a MgO substrate. No evidence of interdiffusion is detected on as-grown films. Both structural and magnetic probes indicate behaviors expected for a magnetite thin film. A thermal stability study of these films was performed by annealing these films under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at temperatures below 900 K. Bulk techniques such as x-ray diffraction, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, and energy dispersive spectroscopy confirm that the magnesium interdiffuses throughout the entire film, and surface techniques such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy/ion scattering spectroscopy show changes in the surface structure and stoichiometry of the film caused by the magnesium intermixing. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372084
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic Porphyrins Related To Chlorobium Chlorophylls (1963)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 85 (1963), S. 644-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00888a040
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hindered rotation in halogen and pseudohalogen carbon-substituted amides (1972)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 94 (1972), S. 6604-6611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00774a007
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnesium outdiffusion through magnetite films grown on magnesium oxide (001) (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5176-5176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of 1 μm thick films of single crystalline Fe3O4 grown on MgO(001) indicate that repeated annealing of the sample in UHV causes Mg diffusion through the Fe3O4 film. The onset of this effect was clearly seen by STM at room temperature for samples raised above 400–430 °C. It appears that the annealing process causes the migration of Mg from the substrate entirely through the Fe3O4 lattice, and that the migration tends to fill the surface layer first, with lower layers filling as anneal time is increased. Upon detection of this effect, several complementary sample analysis techniques were employed to determine the extent of the changes observed. X-ray diffraction studies indicate shifts in the lattice constant from the cubic constant of magnetite, Fe3O4, (8.396 Å), which is already strained in thin-film growth on a substrate, further toward the cubic lattice constant of magnesioferrite, MgFe2O4, (8.375 Å) in order to accommodate the Mg that has migrated to the surface. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry studies reveal a significant change in the magnetic behavior of the film and large decreases in the saturation moment, remanence, and coercive field. The Verwey transition is greatly altered in these films after the annealing sequence. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the films confirm the presence of magnesium in the uppermost layers of the film, and indicate a concentration gradient, with the highest concentrations of magnesium in the surface layer. X-ray fluorescence in scanning electron microscopy qualitatively indicate the presence of magnesium throughout the film, consistent with migration of the magnesium from the substrate. These results are compared with those on an unannealed Fe3O4 film of the same thickness and growth parameters, which shows no magnesium migration into the film during growth up to substrate temperatures of 300 °C. ©1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365161
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Domain structure in NiO biasing layers (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5102-5102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fe3O4/NiO multilayers exhibit long-range antiferromagnetic order with the magnetite ferrimagnetic correlations confined to a single layer due to stacking faults of the spinel structure at the interfaces. We are studying the field dependence of the interlayer coupling and magnetic structure in a series of Fe3O4/NiO multilayers using neutron diffraction. Both NiO and Fe3O4 thin films were included in the measurements for comparison. In a single thick Fe3O4 film, intensity changes with magnetic field are consistent with the alignment of the net ferrimagnetic moment parallel to the applied field. In a single thick NiO film, we observe no intensity changes with magnetic field. For multilayers where the ratio of NiO to Fe3O4 is far from unity, the field dependence approximates that of the thick film of the majority constituent. However, for a Fe3O4 (68 A(ring))/NiO (34 A(ring)) multilayer the NiO antiferromagnetic intensity decreases with increasing field, applied parallel to a [110] axis in the film plane. This indicates a domain repopulation in the NiO, concomitant with the magnetization of the magnetite, where the antiferromagnetic modulation direction prefers the [111] axes that are closest to the applied field direction. A broadening of the NiO peak shows that the repopulated domains are smaller. We are pursuing a complete measurement of the domain populations by measuring a series of NiO antiferromagnetic diffraction peaks. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361314
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of stoichiometric variations of epitaxially grown Fe3−δO4 (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6124-6124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, films of iron oxide cubic spinel phases have been prepared on single crystal MgO (100). Preparation was by deposition of Fe from an elemental e− gun in a reactive oxygen plasma (primarily O+) from an ECR source. Sample stoichiometry during synthesis was controlled by variation of growth parameters, including substrate temperature, oxygen flux, plasma power, and deposition rate. We present the results of structural and magnetic studies of these materials using electron and x-ray diffraction, as well as SQUID magnetometry. Lattice spacing, saturation magnetization, and magnetic anisotropy all provide strong evidence that the variation of growth parameters does indeed produce a range of "cubic'' defect spinel structures ranging from Fe3O4 to one approximating γ-Fe2O3. Both structural and magnetic probes indicate that strong ordering changes occur in these systems as they are cooled through the ∼119 K Verwey transition. The behavior of the Verwey transition as a function of growth parameters indicates that Fe vacancies in these defect spinels have a profound effect on the structural distortion related to the Verwey transition. Epitaxial strain due to lattice mismatch further contributes to structural distortion, and thus to the Verwey transition. The relative contributions of these stoichiometric variations and epitaxial strain on the Verwey transition will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355482
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic and crystallographic properties of molecular beam epitaxially grown Fe3O4/NiO superlattices and Fe3O4 films : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6688-6690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ferromagnetic resonance, SQUID magnetometry, and x-ray diffraction have been used to characterize a set of [Fe3O4(68 A(ring))/NiO(17 A(ring))]N superlattices (SL) with N=3, 10, 30, and 100, as well as a 1.5-μm-thick Fe3O4 film. For this NiO thickness, Fe3O4 layers are strongly coupled and the in-plane anisotropy is much less than the 330-Oe ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth at 35 GHz. Both in-plane and perpendicular FMR at 9.5 and 35 GHz have been used, with the 9.5-GHz data showing significant hysteresis associated with the sample magnetization. X-ray diffraction indicates that both the film and SL's are nearly cubic single-crystalline structures with long-range coherence. The 300 K magnetization data indicate the presence of small cubic anisotropy in the SL's, although bulklike Fe3O4 magnetic ordering in the thick single film. When the Fe3O4 film is cooled below the Verwey transition in a 10 kOe field (aligned along 〈100〉), the FMR shows that the sample develops a large uniaxial (Ku=1.8 kOe) in-plane anisotropy with its easy axis along the field direction. Decreased microwave loss also occurs abruptly at the film TV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356896
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic structure determination for Fe3O4/NiO superlattices by neutron diffraction techniques (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6692-6692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Neutron diffraction measurements reveal the nature of the magnetic structure in Fe3O4/NiO superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy. By taking advantage of differences between the spinel and rocksalt crystalline symmetries, we have separated the magnetic order parameters of the Fe3O4 and NiO bilayer components. The NiO antiferromagnetic order develops at temperatures 10–150 K greater than TNéel for bulk (520 K) due to exchange coupling of the Ni spins to the Fe3O4 (TCurie=858 K) at the superlattice interfaces. The resultant scaling of the NiO transition temperature with the bilayer composition is consistent with expectations from mean-field treatments for a modulated magnetic material. In addition, the NiO spin order propagates coherently through several superlattice bilayers, while the magnetic coherence of the Fe3O4 is limited by a random stacking of the spinel unit cell at the interfaces when the NiO interlayers are thicker than ≈15 A(ring). A model for the diffraction data, based upon a Hendricks–Teller description of the interfacial disorder, demonstrates that the observed broadening of selected crystalline and magnetic reflections originates directly from these stacking faults. Combining the high angle diffraction results with those from polarized-beam reflectivity analysis, we extract specific information about the moment distribution in these superlattices and qualitatively explain the evolution of the magnetic structure with temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356867
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