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  • 1
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    External insulator for liquid hydrogen tanks (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: With optimized insulation thickness, tank temperatures were always below 311 K (100 F). This conclusion indicated that an aluminum tank could be used with an optimized insulation system if desired. The N2 purged systems were always lighter than CO2 purged systems. The lower condensation temperature was the controlling factor. Closed cell foam systems were lightest. Closed cell foams, in spite of their need for protective outer insulation, produced insulation systems which were lighter than systems which allowed cryodeposition. Foam system durability established for TMAX = 316 K (110 F). Tests for a subsonic application established this durability; higher temperature limit foam durability was unknown at this. An increase in foam TMAX from 316 K (110 F) to 450 K (350 F) potentially decreased TPS mass by 25 percent.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 807-847
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    A carbon dioxide purge and thermal protection system for liquid hydrogen tanks (1967)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: GENERAL
    Type: Conf. on Hypersonic Aircraft Technol.; p 501-513
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Radiative, actively cooled panel tests results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The radiative, actively cooled panel designed to withstand a uniform incident heat flux of 136 kW/sq m to a 444 K surface temperature was evaluated. The test program consisted of preliminary static thermal mechanical loading and aerothermal flow tests. Test results are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 1; p 493-536
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The control of carbon dioxide cryodeposits (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the parameters affecting the cryodeposition of carbon dioxide frost. In the investigation carbon dioxide frost was cryodeposited from a helium-carbon dioxide mixture into a layer of fibrous insulation surrounding a cylindrical cryogenic tank. Results of the study indicated that not only did deposition occur on the frost surface but also within the frost layer. Over the range of variables investigated both the frost density and the mass of frost deposited were most sensitive to the time of deposition, the percent of carbon dioxide in the purge-gas mixture, and the thickness of the insulation. Frost density and mass of frost deposition were found to increase with time and percent carbon dioxide, and to decrease with increasing insulation thickness.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7334 , L-8884
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Durability of foam insulation for LH2 fuel tanks of future subsonic transports (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In connection with the potential short-supply of petroleum based fuels, NASA has initiated investigations concerning the feasibility of aircraft using as fuel hydrogen which is to be stored in liquid form. One of the problems to be solved for an operation of such aircraft is related to the possibility of a suitable storage of the liquid hydrogen. A description is presented of an experimental study regarding the suitability of commercially available organic foams as cryogenic insulation for liquid hydrogen tanks under extensive thermal cycling typical of subsonic airline type operation. Fourteen commercially available organic foam insulations were tested. The thermal performance of all insulations was found to deteriorate with increased simulated flight cycles. Two unreinforced polyurethane foams survived over 4200 thermal cycles (representative of approximately 15 years of airline service) without evidence of structural deterioration. The polyurethane foam insulations also exhibited excellent thermal performance.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: International Cryogenic Materials Conference on Nonmetallic Materials and Composites at Low Temperatures; Jul 10, 1978 - Jul 11, 1978; Munich; Germany
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Cryogenic foam insulation for LH2 fueled subsonic transports (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Shortages of petroleum-based aircraft fuels are foreseen before the end of the century. To cope with such shortages, NASA is developing a commercial aircraft which can operate on liquid hydrogen. Various foam insulators for LH2 storage are considered in terms of thermal performance and service life. Of the cryogenic foams considered (plain foam, foam with flame retardants and fiberglass reinforcement, and foam with vapor barriers), polyurethane foams were found to be the best. Tests consisted of heating a 5 cm layer of insulation around an aluminum tank containing LH2 to 316 K, and then cooling it to 266 K, while the inner surface was maintained at LH2 temperature (20 K).
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 78-875 , Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference; May 24, 1978 - May 26, 1978; Palo Alto, CA
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Performance of a hypersonic hot fuselage structure with a carbon dioxide frost projected, nonintegral cryogenic tank (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model which consisted of a hot structure and a nonintegral tank protected by a carbon dioxide frost thermal protection system was tested under the following conditions: (1) room temperature loading and (2) heating and loading corresponding to the Mach 8 flight of an air-breathing launch vehicle. In the simulated flight tests, liquid nitrogen inside the tank was withdrawn at the rate fuel would be consumed. Prior to each simulated flight test, carbon dioxide was cryodeposited in the insulation surrounding the tank; during the tests, subliming CO2 frost absorbed heat and provided a purge gas for the space between the tank and the structure. A method of flame spraying the joints between panels with a nickel-aluminum material was developed to prevent excessive leakage of the purge gas through the outer structure. The tests indicated that the hot structure (with a joint repaired by riveting), the nonintegral tank and suspension system, and the carbon dioxide frost thermal protection system provide a workable concept with predictable performance.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7799 , L-9711
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Ambient temperature fatigue tests of elements of an actively cooled honeycomb sandwich structural panel (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Elements of an actively cooled structural panel for a hypersonic aircraft have been investigated for fatigue characteristics. The study involved a bonded honeycomb sandwich panel with d-shaped coolant tubes. The curved portion of these tubes was embedded in the honeycomb, and the flat portion was bonded or soldered to the inner surface of the outer skin. The elements examined were two plain skin specimens (aluminum alloy); two specimens with skins attached to manifolds and tubes (one specimen was bonded, the other soldered); and a specimen representative of a corner section of the complete cooled sandwich. Sinusoidal loads were applied to all specimens. The honeycomb sandwich specimen was loaded in both tension and compression; the other specimens were loaded in tension only. The cooling tubes were pressurized with oil throughout the fatigue tests. The most significant results of these tests follow: All specimens exceeded their design life of 20,000 cycles without damage. Crack growth rates obtained in the plain skin specimens were used to determine the crack growth characteristics of aluminum alloy. Cracks in skins either bonded or soldered to cooling tubes propagated past the tubes without penetration. The coolant tubes served as crack arresters and temporarily stopped crack growth when a crack reached a tube-skin interface. The honeycomb core demonstrated that it could contain leakage from a tube.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3557 , L-11552
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Durability of foam insulation for LH2 fuel tanks of future subsonic transports (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Organic foams were tested to determine their suitability for insulating liquid hydrogen tanks of subsonic aircraft. The specimens, including nonreinforced foams and foams with chopped glass reinforcements, flame retardants, and vapor barriers, were scaled to simulate stress conditions in large tanks. The tests were conducted within aluminum tank compartments filled with liquid hydrogen and the boil-off rate was used as the criterion of thermal performance. It was found that while all insulations deteriorated with increased cycles, two nonreinforced polyurethane foams showed no structural deterioration after 4200 thermal cycles (equivalent to 15 years of airline service). It was also found that fiberglass reinforcement and flame retardants impaired thermal performance and reduced useful life of the foams. Vapor barriers enhanced structural integrity without any deterioration in thermal properties.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Nonmetallic materials and composites at low temperatures; July 10, 11, 1978; Munich
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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